The Cellular Basis of Life

1. The Cellular Basis of Life Chapter 3 Part 1

2. The Magic School Bus: Goes Cellular

3. Introduction to Cell Biology • Chemical in the cells • Major Elements • Carbon (C) • Oxygen (O) • Hydrogen (H) • Nitrogen (N) “Biology is the search for chemistry that works.”

4. Calcium (Ca)- blood clotting Iron (Fe)- hemoglobin Iodine (I)- controls metabolism Electrolytes- carry an electrical charge Trace Elements http://www.ehu.es/biomoleculas/PROT/hemoglobin.jpg

5. Iodine Deficiency http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_01_060103/li10764_fm-4.jpg http://carondelet.net/PeriodicTable/I/iodized%20salt.jpg

6. Cells are 60% water Interstitial fluid Dilute, saltwater around cells Site of all exchanges between cells and blood Water in the Cell

7. Variations in Cells- Length Over 1 meter 2 micrometers http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/shs/jmcCartney/redcell.jpg http://www.acticare.com/conditions/images/sciatic_nerve2.jpg

8. Red Blood Cells- disk shaped Nerve Cells- spindle shaped Smooth Muscle Cells- Threadlike Epithelial Cells- Cubes Variations in Cells- Shape http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season3/brain/Images/neuronlabels.gif

9. Variations in Cells- Function • Over 200 cell types found in the body

10. Demonstrates the basic parts that all cells contain Has three parts Nucleus Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm The Generalized Cell http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~sugnet/documentation/biology_starter/images/animal_cell_580_915.jpg

11. Nuclear Envelope The membrane of the Nucleus Nucleoli Where ribosomes are assembled Round, dark staining bodies Chromatin DNA combined with protein When the cell divides the DNA condenses into chromosomes The Nucleus

12. Plasma Membrane • Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment • Lipid Bilayer • Proteins • Glycoproteins

13. Lipid Bilayer • Phospholipid • Cholesterol http://www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/kidneysmetals/graphics/bilayer.gif

14. Proteins • scatter the surface of the plasma membrane • Receptors for hormones • Transport Proteins http://www.science.org.au/nobel/1996/images/picture-0.jpg http://www.nirgal.net/graphics/coli_protein.jpg

15. Blood type Cell-cell communication Glycoproteins http://www.funhousefilms.com/glycolip.jpg

16. Microvilli finger-like projections to increase cell’s surface area Specializations

17. Tight Junctions impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak-proof sheets Desmosomes Anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from falling apart Gap Junctions Allow communication Connexons- hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membrane Specializations

18. Cytoplasm • Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plama membrane • Site of most cellular activities (factory) • Three Elements • Cytosol- semitransparent fluid • Organelles- parts that have specific functions • Inclusions- non-functioning units

19. Cytoplasmic Organelles

20. Mitochondria Enzymes break down food and capture the energy in ATP molecules Liver and muscle cells have hundreds of mitochondria Cytoplasmic Organelles http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/roanoke/mitochon.gif

21. Ribosomes Made of proteins and rRNA Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum System of fluid-filled cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm Rough ER- studded with ribosomes Smooth ER- cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification Cytoplasmic Organelles http://dragon.seowon.ac.kr/~bioedu/bio/ohp/t-021.jpg

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Golgi Apparatus • stack of flattened sacs • Modifies and packages proteins

23. Lysosomes Sacs of powerful digestive enzymes Digests wornout cell structures and most foreign substances Peroxisomes Sacs that contain powerful oxidase enzymes Detoxify poisonous substances and disarm free radicals Cytoplasmic Organelles http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~s2s/latest/cell1/src/tutorial/lysosome.html

24. Cytoskeleton Provides cells framework and cells shape Microfilaments- cell motility and makes changes in cell shape Intermediate Filaments- form desmosomes and resists pulling forces Microtubule- overall shape of a cell and important in cell shape Cytoplasmic Organelles

25. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Centrioles • Rod-shaped bodies that are at right angles • Other Cell Structures • Cilia- whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface • Flagella- Longer projection that moves the cell

26. Cell Diversity • Trillions of cells in the body, 200 different cell types

27. Cells that connect body parts • Fibroblast- secretes cable-like fibers • Erythrocyte (red blood cell)- carries oxygen in the blood stream

28. Cells that cover and line body organs • Epithelial cell- pack together into sheets

29. Cells that move organs and body parts • Skeletal and Smooth Muscle cells- contract in order to move bones or internal organs

30. Cell that stores nutrients • Fat cell- stores a lipid droplet

31. Cell that fights disease • Macrophage- digest infectious microorganisms

32. Cell that gathers information and controls body functions • Nerve cell (neuron)- send electrical signals

33. Cells of reproduction • Oocyte- female egg cell • Sperm- male cell with flagellum