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Proton Driver: Prospects in the U.S.

Proton Driver: Prospects in the U.S. Giorgio Apollinari, FNAL 7 th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams Frascati, June 21 st – 26 th , 2005. Outline. APS Neutrino Study Open Questions & Recommendations Brookhaven Super Neutrino Beam Proposal

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Proton Driver: Prospects in the U.S.

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  1. Proton Driver: Prospects in the U.S. Giorgio Apollinari, FNAL 7th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams Frascati, June 21st – 26th, 2005

  2. Outline • APS Neutrino Study • Open Questions & Recommendations • Brookhaven Super Neutrino Beam Proposal • Front End and SC Linac & AGS Upgrade • Fermilab Proton Driver Proposal • 8 GeV SCRF Linac (bulk of the talk) • R&D Effort • PD/ILC Synergy • Conclusion

  3. Neutrinos are Everywhere • Neutrinos outnumber ordinary matter particles in the Universe (electrons, protons, neutrons) by a factor of ten billion. • Depending on their masses they may account for a few % of the unknown “dark matter” in the Universe. • Neutrinos are important for stellar dynamics:~71010 cm-2s-1stream through the Earth from the sun. • Neutrinos also govern Supernovae dynamics, and hence heavy element production. • If there is CP Violation in the neutrino sector, then neutrino physics might ultimately be responsible for Baryogenesis. To understand the nature of the Universe in which we live we must understand the properties of the neutrino

  4. APS Neutrino Study • Interdivisional Study • APS, DNP, DPF, DAP,.. • Charges • Examine broad sweep of n physics • Create scientific roadmap for n physics • Move toward agreement ion the next steps. • matrix n: • Something within or from which something else originates, develops or takes form • The natural material in which something is embedded • Womb • A rectangular array of mathematical elements

  5. n Open Questions From the US APS Multi-Divisional Study on the Physics of Neutrinos • What are the masses of the neutrinos? • What is the pattern of mixing among the different types of neutrinos? • Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? • Do neutrinos violate the symmetry CP? • Are there “sterile” neutrinos? • Do neutrinos have unexpected or exotic properties? • What can neutrinos tell us about the models of new physics beyond the Standard Model?

  6. Recommendations + Neutrinoless Nuclear Double Beta Decay & Sun n Energy Spectrum Measurement

  7. Why Multi-MW Beams ? • Need high beam power to study rare processes • Upper limit on nm - ne oscillation amplitude is ~5%

  8. US n Superbeams Proposals The AGS-Based Super Neutrino Beam Facility Brookhaven National Laboratory An 8 GeV SuperConducting Linac Proton Driver Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

  9. To RHIC To Target Station High Intensity Source plus RFQ 201.25 MHz DTL 805 MHz CCL BOOSTER AGS 1.5 GeV - 28 GeV 0.4 s cycle time (2.5 Hz) 116 MeV 400 MeV 800 MHz Superconducting Linac 1.5 GeV 0.2 s 0.2 s AGS Upgrade with CCL and SCL • Add CCL from 116 MeV to 400 MeV • SCL from 400 MeV to 1.5 GeV at 25 MeV/m gradient • One type of cavity, cryomodule and klystron similar to SNS • 2.5 Hz AGS Repetition rate • Triple existing main magnet power supply and current feeds • Double RF power and accelerating gradient

  10. 1.2 GeV SCL 0.4 sec AGS 0.6 sec 2.4 sec Booster 1.5-GeV Booster 28-GeV AGS 200-MeV TDL HI Tandem Injection Schemes Typical DTL cycle for Protons 0.4 sec 1 x 720 µs @ 30 mA

  11. AGS Proton Driver Parameters AGS (now) AGS (1 MW) J-PARC • Total beam power [MW] 0.14 1.00 0.75 • Injector Energy [GeV] 1.5 1.2 3.0 • Beam energy [GeV] 24 28 50 • Average current [mA] 6 36 15 • Cycle time [s] 2 0.4 3.4 • No. of protons per fill 0.7  1014 0.9  1014 3.3  1014 • Ave. circulating current [A] 4.2 5.0 12 • No. of bunches at extraction 6 23 8 • No. of protons per bunch 1  1013 0.4  1013 4  1013 • No. of protons per 107 sec. 3.5  1020 23  1020 10  1020

  12. 1.2 GeV Superconducting Linac • Beam energy 0.2  0.4 GeV 0.4  0.8 GeV 0.8  1.2 GeV • RF frequency 805 MHz 1610 MHz 1610 MHz • Acc. gradient 10.8 MeV/m 23.5 MeV/m 23.5 MeV/m • Length 37.8 m 41.4 m 38.3 m • Beam power (exit) 17 kW 34 kW 50 kW Based on SNS Experiences

  13. AGS System Upgrade AGS Injection Simulation • Beam Dynamics in AGS • Injection Painting • Linac Emittance Improvement • Transition Crossing • Ring Impedances • Beam Collimation and Ringing • AGS Magnet Test • New Power Supply Design • AGS RF Cavity Design

  14. Neutrino Beam Production • 1 MW He gas-cooled Carbon target • New horn design • Target Hill for Radiation Protection • Target on 11.30 downhill to aim at Homestake mine • Beam dump well above ground water table to avoid activation • Near Detector Beam Monitoring

  15. FNAL Director Vision • FNAL will be center of US HEP in ~2010 IF (ILC Cost Looks Affordable –CDR 2006) THEN • Push for ILC ~2010 Construction start at FNAL • Execute 120 GeV Neutrino Program at ~1 MW ELSE • Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting ~2008 • 30-120 GeV and 8 GeV beams at 2-4 MW after 2012 • Stepping-stone to delayed ILC construction starting in ~2012 ENDIF

  16. FNAL Director Vision P. Oddone – EPP 2010

  17. Proton Driver Idea • New* idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, the Spallation Neutron Source, RIA and APT. • Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac design up to 1.3 GeV • Use ILC Cryomodules from 1.3 -8 GeV • H- Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector • “Super Beams” in Fermilab Main Injector: • 2 MW Beam power at both 8 GeV and 120 GeV • Small emittances ==> Small losses in Main Injector • Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (or less) • MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy: flexible program * The 8 GeV Linac concept actually originated with Vinod Bharadwaj and Bob Noble in 1994,when it made no sense because the SCRF gradients weren’t there. Revived and expanded by G.W.Foster in 2004

  18. Neutrino “Super- Beams” SY-120 Fixed-Target NUMI Off- Axis 8 GeV neutrino 8 GeV Linac ~ 700m Active Length Main Injector @2 MW 8 GeV Superconducting Linac

  19. MI with Synchrotron. vs. MI with SCL • MI maintains 2 MW Beam power at lower energy • # of n not strongly dependent on E • Reduces tails at higher n energies • Allow flexible n Program

  20. Two Design Points for 8 GeV Linac • Initial: 0.5 MW Linac Beam Power (BASELINE) • 8.3 mA x 3 msec x 2.5 Hz x 8 GeV = 0.5 MW • Twelve Klystrons Required • Ultimate: 2 MW Linac Beam Power • 25 mA x 1 msec x 10 Hz x 8 GeV = 2.0 MW • 33 Klystrons Required • Either Option Supports: • 1.5E14 x 0.7 Hz x 120 GeV • = 2 MW Beam Power from Fermilab Main Injector

  21. Motivations for Linac Proton Driver • Protons on Target for Neutrino Program • 2 MW at 30-120 GeV from the Main Injector • 0.5 - 2 MW at 8 GeV directly from the Linac • Clear path for further MI upgrades > 2 MW • Synergy with International Linear Collider • Exactly the same technology for E ~ 1.5 - 8 GeV • 1.5% Scale Demonstration Project & U.S. Cost Basis • Seed Project for U.S. Industrialization of SCRF Linac Provides All Three

  22. Modulator Elliptical Option β=.47 β=.47 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators 8 Klystrons 288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules TESLA LINAC 1300 MHz β=1 Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator 10 MW TESLA Klystrons 36 Cavites / Klystron β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 “PULSED RIA” Front End Linac 325 MHz 0-110 MeV 0.5 MW Initial 8 GeV Linac Single 3 MW JPARC Klystron Modulator Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavity Phase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners 11 Klystrons (2 types) 449 Cavities 51 Cryomodules H- RFQ MEBT RTSR SSR DSR DSR β<1 TESLA LINAC 10 MW TESLA Multi-Beam Klystrons Modulator 1300 MHz 0.1-1.2 GeV 48 Cavites / Klystron 2 Klystrons 96 Elliptical Cavities 12 Cryomodules β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 8 Cavites / Cryomodule

  23. Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac Modulator β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 • … is the TESLA RF Station: • 36 SCRF CAVITIES • ~ 4 Cryomodules • 1 Klystron • 1 Modulator • ~1 GeV of Beam Energy • Extending this technology to Proton Linacs is the Key to the Proton Driver.

  24. Upgrade Equipment • Initial 0.5 MW Gallery is nearly empty • One Klystron every 180 feet • Ultimate 2 MW Gallery is comfortable • One Klystron every 60 feet

  25. Modulator Elliptical Option β=.47 β=.47 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators 8 Klystrons 288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules TESLA LINAC 1300 MHz β=1 Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator 10 MW TESLA Klystrons 36 Cavites / Klystron β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 “PULSED RIA” Front End Linac 325 MHz 0-110 MeV 0.5 MW Initial 8 GeV Linac Single 3 MW JPARC Klystron Modulator Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavity Phase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners 11 Klystrons (2 types) 449 Cavities 51 Cryomodules H- RFQ MEBT RTSR SSR DSR DSR β<1 TESLA LINAC 10 MW TESLA Multi-Beam Klystrons Modulator 1300 MHz 0.1-1.2 GeV 48 Cavites / Klystron 2 Klystrons 96 Elliptical Cavities 12 Cryomodules β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 8 Cavites / Cryomodule

  26. Main Parameter Decisions • Main Injector Beam: (1.5 E14, 1.5 sec, 2 MW) • Pulse Parameters: ( 8 mA x 3 msec x 2.5 Hz) • Ultimate Upgrade: (25 mA x 1 msec x 10 Hz) • Operating Frequency: (1300 MHz / 325 MHz) • Copper – to – SCRF transition: (15 MeV) • Spokes–to–Elliptical transition: (110 - 400 MeV) • Design Margins on 8 GeV H- Transport

  27. 3. Linac Operating Frequencies • Following the selection of the Cold SCRF Option for the ILC, • We have chosen TESLA/XFEL Compatible Frequencies: • 1300 MHz Main Linac (= ILC / TESLA / XFEL) • 325 MHz (=1300MHz/4) Front-End Linac (= JPARC) (a gift ! ) • Valuable assets at these frequencies: • SRF Cavities • RF Couplers • Cryomodule Designs • Klystrons (multi-year development) • Front-End Linac Designs (325 MHz) • Collaborators (e.g. ILC, Euro-XFEL, JPARC…)

  28. 4. Copper-to-SCRF Transition • We have chosen 15 MeV (RFQ + warm TSRs.) • Much lower than SNS ( ~ 186 MeV) • Allows Single Klystron to drive linac up to 110 MeV • Leverages uses of Fast Phase Shifters to produce many channels of RF from a single Klystron • Previous Design Study assumed 85 MeV DTL • Conventional Solution, still valid • Modified Commercial Product at 325 MHz • Required 7 Klystrons, $30M + contingency etc.

  29. 325 MHzFront-EndLinac Single Klystron Feeds SCRF Linac to E > 100 MeV SCRF Spoke Resonator Cryomodules Charging Supply MEBT RFQ Modulator Capacitor / Switch / Bouncer Ferrite Tuners RF Distribution Waveguide 115kV Pulse Transformer 325 MHz Klystron – Toshiba E3740A (JPARC)

  30. 6. 8 GeV H- Transport • 8 GeV H- Transport is new to accelerators • Issues: • Magnetic Stripping • Blackbody Stripping • Foil Lifetime • Injection losses • Mini-Workshop Dec 9-10, 2004 • Conclusion: no problems with baseline design • http://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/H-workshop/hminus.html

  31. Margin on H- Magnetic Stripping • Stripping Probability 10-9/m at 500 Gauss, 8 GeV • Beam Line Should Operate Acceptably at 9-10 GeV photon distribution cross section One milliwatt/m of Beam Loss per Megawatt of Beam Power 0.75 eV

  32. Linac Segment Details (for reference) • Parameter List gives subsystem details for technically feasible baseline • http://tdserver1.fnal.gov/8gevlinacPapers/ParameterList2005/CD0_Parameter_List_Current_Version.pdf

  33. Main Linac Technical Subsystems • Much of the Technical Complexity is in the Front End • Copy Existing Designs Wherever Possible • Start the Front End Development Early (Now!) • Use this beam test at SMTF to drive demonstration of phase shifters with proton beams • Most of the Cost is in the b=1 Main Linac • Collaborate with the Euro-FEL and the ILC • Collaborate to Gain In-House SRF Experience ASAP • Shared Interest with ILC in Cost Reduction

  34. Front end general layout Ion source H-, LEBT 0.065 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole 4-5 m, 3 MeV MEBT (2 bunchers, 4 SC sol., chopper) 4 m RT TSR section (21 resonators, 21 SC solenoid) 10 m 15.2 Mev SSR section (16 resonators, 16 SC solenoids) 12.5 m 33.5 MeV DSR section (28 resonators, 14 SC solenoids) 17 m 108 MeV TSR section (42 resonators, 42 quads) 64 m 408 MeV Frequency 325 MHz Total length 112 m

  35. Ion source & RFQ • The ion source is a multicusp, rf-driven, cesium enhanced source of H- (SNS,DESY). Output energy 65 keV, output peak current 12.7 (38) mA, pulse length 3.0 (1.0) ms, pulse rate 2.5(10) Hz • RFQs are standard devices for proton machines (J-PARC, SNS). • Our additional requirement for RFQ beam dynamics design is an axisymmetric output beam to reduce halo formation in MEBT and RT SR section.

  36. RT SR section Room Temperature Spoke Resonator (aka Cross-bar H-type resonators) section from 3 MeV to 15 MeV . Solenoid in individual cryostat Shape Optimization

  37. RT TSR section The main advantage of RT SR is its high shunt impedance. • For 3-15 MeV losses in copper: • DTL – 1.06 MW • RT SR – 0.4 MW • Diameter of resonator • DTL, SDTL – 70 cm • RT SR – 40 cm • RT SR expected to be cheaper RT TSR SDTL (J-PARC) DTL (J-PARC)

  38. Room-Temperature Front Endfor Proton Driver at SMTF / Meson 2-Phase LHe Distribution Header Superconducting Solenoids Room Temp Spoke (C-H) Resonators H- Ion Source RFQ Alignment Rails for Beam Experiments G. W. Foster – Proton Driver Director’s Review

  39. Topologically same as a shorted coax SC Spoke Resonator • SC Spoke Resonator sections provide acceleration from 15 MeV up to 400 MeV. • R&D work to study and optimize all three types of resonators

  40. L SC Spoke Resonator • Spoke Cavities and CryoModules • Why Spokes • Fewer types & higher operating T (4 K) • Simulation shows that improved beam quality can be expected (increased longitudinal acceptance) • Superior mechanical stability for b<0.6 • Decade-old technology (Delayen et al., LINAC 92) • Open to Elliptical cavities processing conditions • HPR • Ultra-clean processing

  41. SC Spoke Resonator R&D Total Deformation at 2 atm. Total Deformation at 2 atm.

  42. Spoke Resonator Cryostats • Design Spoke Cavities Cryostat

  43. Elliptical b= 0.81 & b=1 • Cryostat based on TESLA design • 85% of Proton Driver. B=1 cavities will be identical to those developed by TESLA/ILC • 12 m long Cryostat • 8 9-cells cavities of pure Nb operating at 1.8K superfluid He • Cavities surrounded by thermal radiation shields (4 & 80 K) • Focusing cold quads • 9 quads in b=0.47 (40 T/m) • 5 quads in b=0.61 (33 T/m) • 3 quads in b=0.81 (5 T/m) • 1 quad in b=1 (3 T/m)

  44. Elliptical b= 0.81 & b=1 b=0.47 8 Cavities, 6 cells/cavity 9 focusing quads Open Technical Choice b=0.61 8 Cavities, 6 cells/cavity 5 focusing quads b=0.81 8 Cavities, 8 cells/cavity 3 focusing quads b=1.0 8 Cavities, 9 cells/cavity 1 focusing quad

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