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alkenes

18. secondary alcohols. 2,4-DNPH. 14. 15. 12. esters. ketones. 21. 13. Carboxylic acids. di-bromo alkane. 11. 20. 2. CO 2 + H 2 O. nitriles. 10. 1. amines. 6. 9. alkenes. diols. 5. 19. alcohol. alkanes. 17. 16. 3. Halo- alkanes. cyanohydrins. 4. 7. 8.

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alkenes

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  1. 18 secondary alcohols 2,4-DNPH 14 15 12 esters ketones 21 13 Carboxylic acids di-bromoalkane 11 20 2 CO2 + H2O nitriles 10 1 amines 6 9 alkenes diols 5 19 alcohol alkanes 17 16 3 Halo-alkanes cyanohydrins 4 7 8 aldehydes Primary alcohol

  2. 1 – NH3 Ethanol/C2H5OH/alcohol solvent 2 – KCN/NaCN Ethanol/C2H5OH/alcohol solvent 3 – NaOH/KOH, Water/H2O as solvent, heat under reflux 4 – Alcohol to Halo-alkanes (see next page) 5 – Concentrated H2SO4/P4O10/Al2O3/Pumice (dehydration/elimination) 6 – NaOH/KOH, Ethanol/C2H5OH/alcohol solvent, heat under reflux 7 – HCN, KCN catalyst, alkaline condition orNaCN followed by H2SO4 8,14 – K2Cr2O7/H+1, heat under reflux (strong oxidizing agent will convert it into CO2 and H2O), for (8) the aldehyde produced is immediately distilled off 9 – cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 10,11,12 - Concentrated KMnO4/H+1,heat under reflux (strong oxidizing agent required) (alkene double bond is always broken, 10 CH2=, 11R-CH=, 12 (R)2C=) 13 – Tollens Reagent [Ag(NH3)2]+1 (silver mirror produced) or Fehling Solution + heat (red ppt formed) 14 – see (8) 15 – reflux with concentrated H2SO4 (esterfication/elimination/dehydration/condensation) 16 – free radical subsititution 17 – LiAlH4, or NaBH4 (reduction) 18 – Yellow/Orange/Red ppt 19 – steam with H3PO4 catalyst (60/70 atm pressure) or bubble through concentrated H2SO4 and then add water and distil 20 – Br2 in an inert solvent like CCl4 (electrophilic Addition) 21 – Mineral acid (aq) except HNO3 + heat orNaOH, then aqueous mineral acid + heat

  3. 2Na + 2C2H5OH (alcohols)  2C2H5ONa + H2 (slight effervescence seen) 4 – Formation of Iodoalkanes from alcohols (red P + I2or HI (aq) or KBr/Concentrated H3PO4 or PI3, heat in all cases except with PI3) 4 – Formation of chloroalkanes from alcohols (PCl5,room temperature/SOCl2 , all other products are gases, 4 – Formation of bromoalkanes from alcohols (NaBr + H2SO4,heat under reflux or Red Phosphorous + Br2)

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