The American Colonies Grow

1. The American Colonies Grow Chapter 3

2. American Colonies in the British Empire • Mercantilism – An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of Gold & Silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade • The British used the American colonies to make Britain richer • The colonies would grow raw materials • Such as Cotton, Tobacco, Timber, Furs • These materials would be exported to Britain, refined into a finished product, and sold to other nations. • (Look at page 67. Answer the questions)

3. Navigation Acts • Fearing competition from Spain and France, the English Parliament passed the Navigation acts – a series of laws that restricted colonial trade • Terms of the Navigation Acts • All Foreign trade had to be shipped in Colonial or English ships • All of these ships had to have English or Colonial crews • All Foreign trade had to first be shipped to a port in England • Certain goods could only be sent only to England.

4. Opposition to the Nav. Acts • Many colonial merchants – (businessmen) resented the laws that limited their trade. • As a result, there was a huge increase in smuggling, or trading illegally. • After allowing smuggling for years both King Charles II and James cracked down on the practice. • As a result of its disobedience Massachusetts colonial charter was revoked and it became a royal colony. • James even questioned the lawfulness of the Puritan religion (He was a Catholic)

5. Glorious Revolution and a change in policy • Fearing a long line of Catholic Monarchs, Parliament invited William of Orange and his wife Mary (daughter of current King James II), both being protestants, to take over the throne. • As a result there was a change in colonial policy • Mainly in New England, where King James had cracked down on Puritanism.

6. Salutary Neglect • After the Glorious Revolution England, relaxed its colonial regulations and allowed the states to govern themselves • Salutary Neglect – England gave colonies in America a large degree of self government from 1700 until 1750’s • This period was important because it gave the colonists a taste for freedom and independence that would later lead to the American Revolution

7. Sectionalism emerges • As England loosened its reigns on the colonies Northern and Southern colonies became more and more different. • The regions’ climate and economic activity were the primary factors, but religion and culture did play a role as well.

8. The South • Since Jamestown the lifeblood of the Southern colonies was agriculture • Why? • The soil was fertile and the climate was warm and rainy. Perfect growing conditions • These conditions in addition to the success of earlier colonists caused many farmers and aspiring famers to move to the south. • Cash Crop – a crop grown primarily for sale rather than use by the famer • Ex: Tobacco, rice, indigo, (Later) Cotton

9. Southern famers gain wealth • During the 1700’s many southern plantation owners gained a lot of wealth. • Because of this they controlled the south’s political and social institutions as well. • There was high demand for agriculture products and it was getting harder to recruit indentured servants, so many planters turn to African slaves to fill their labor shortages. • Different from indentured servants, who would gain freedom after their contract was completed, Slaves were bound for life. • This meant better profits for the planters.

10. Origins of the Atlantic slave trade • During the 1600’s Europeans and Africans collaborated to establish a lucrative trade network involving slaves. • Triangular Trade system – Trade network that involved Africa, Europe and the Americas. • Slaves were sent from Africa to America • Raw Materials were sent from America to Europe • Finished products were sent from Europe to Africa • Middle Passage – The Voyage across the Atlantic that brought millions of African slaves to America • Middle leg of the triangle.

11. Slave Experience • OlaudahEquiano– An African slave sent to the Americas, who gained freedom, moved to Britain and later wrote of his experiences. • Once slaves arrived they were auctioned off to the highest bidder. • The slaves plus all of their descendants would always be the property of the owner • The worst place a slave could be sent was the Caribbean because it has a warm climate and a year round growing season. • Slaves in the American South had a much better life than those in the Caribbean or South America • There were two types of slaves Field Slaves and house servants.

12. Southern Slavery During the late 1700’s slavery grew enormously in the South and became entrenched in Southern Culture. Southern society and culture was identified by slavery and agriculture. Slaves has no political rights and some were treated harshly, but contrary to myths the majority of slaves were not beaten.

13. The North • The North’s economy was a lot more diverse than the South’s. • Unlike the South, the North’s climate wasn’t suitable for growing cash crops • Why? Long, cold winters • Rocky soil • For these reasons there were only small farms in North • The major economic activity of the North was fishing, shipping, lumber, and manufacturing iron. • Because trading was so important and Merchants (traders/business men) and others stayed around coastal towns. • Cities grew. New York, Boston, Philadelphia had large populations and were sophisticated cities.

14. Immigrants • Most immigrants (people moving in) to the colonies came to the North because it was more attractive to them • More job opportunities • More cities/ urban socities • The South was populated with planters and slaves to fill labor needs. • While there were slaves in the North, there wasn’t near as many and slavery was not as imbedded in society. • Slaves had more rights in the North

15. Salem Witch Trials • Feb. 1692 in Salem Mass. Several young girls accused a Native American Slave of being a witch. • Later, the girls accused others in the town of practicing witchcraft. • The townspeople created an uproar and during the chaos 19 were hanged and over 150 were put in prison. • The chaos stopped when the town and courts realized the girls were making all this up.

16. Enlightenment comes to America • Enlightenment ideas spread rapidly to the colonies from Europe and had a profound impact on the Colonists’ education and learning • Ben Franklin – Philadelphia Inventor who applied enlightenment ideas of experimentation and reason (Kite experiment-- electricity) • Thomas Jefferson young Virginia lawyer and author influenced by the Enlightenment

17. The Great Awakening • 1730’s & 1740’s Emotional Puritan revivals swept through New England. • The meetings emphasized the need for salvation and repentance.. • Johnathan Edwards… • Several Universities were formed as a result- Princeton, Brown U

18. The French Presence • Ever Since 1534, when French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, a small French population had spread from Quebec to the interior • Most French were either Fur traders or priests. • Because the main goal of the French was Fur, and not colonization or building towns and cities, they developed friendly relations with the Natives. • These friendly relations led to alliances with the Hurons, Ottawas, Objiwas

19. The French & Indian War • Since both the French and British Empires were expanding in North America, clashes between the two soon involved both in a very significant war. • 1754 French built Fort Duquesne (modern Pittsburgh) on land claimed by British. • Virginia sent young 22 year old George Washington and his militia to deal with the French • Washington surrendered, but the French and Indian War had started • The War pitted British Army + American colonist vs. French + its Indian allies.

20. North America in 1750

21. Course & Results of the War • Early on the French soundly defeated British attempts to take its forts or drive its forces out. • Things turned around for the British when William Pitt put in charge of the British govt. • The decisive battle cam in 1759 as the British took Quebec from Montcalm’s French forces. • In the Treaty of Paris (1763), the French officially surrendered and British claimed land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River

22. Effects of the war • Problems with Natives • Natives lost their ally so they began to furiously attack British outposts . • Proclamation of 1763 – British banned all settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Financial Problems for British • The French & Indian war was very costly and caused the British to tax colonists to help pay for the war. • George Grenville appointed by king as Prime Minister to solve financial problems • British send 10,000 more troops for “colonial protection” • Sugar Act • Halved duty on Foreign molasses • Put taxes on some specific imports • Smuggling cases were to be tried in British courts rather than colonial courts • ***Active British Involvement in government and day to day operations of the American colonies.

23. Day 1 • Opener: • DQ: Who is your favorite American president? Why? • In-Class Schedule • Finish Last of the Mohicans • Video Review • Homework • Complete Video Review

24. Day 2 • Opener • State Trivia -What two states were named for British rulers? • In-Class Schedule • Notes SL 1-6 • Section 1 & 2 vocab • Explorer map test • Alabama Counties Map • Homework

25. Day 3 • Opener • “ Some people who were born on third base go through life thinking that they have hit a triple” • Barry Switzer • In-Class Schedule • Section 2 Notes 7-12 • Triangular trade worksheet (geography app.) • Equiano Reading • Homework

26. Day 4 • Opener • Quote: Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder • George Washington • In-Class Schedule • Section 3 Notes 13-17 • Jonathan Edwards reading • Comparison chart of North and South • Homework

27. Day 5 • Opener • City Trivia- What East Coast city is the City of Brotherly Love? • In-Class Schedule • Notes Sl 18-22 • Political cartoon North vs. South • Homework • Study for test

28. Day 6 • Opener • When was George Washington inaugurated as the first president of the U.S.A.? Why? Where was the capital city? • In – Class Schedule • Ch 3 Test • Chapter 4 Sect. 1 Vocab • Homework

29. Video Review • 1 Page review on the following information • Who were the 5 Main Characters • Setting – Where is the movie set? • What is the Historical backdrop? • Summarize the plot • Did you like the movie? • Is it historically accurate in your opinion?