The New Imperialism

1. The New Imperialism Europeans extend their culture, government and economy.

2. A Western-Dominated World Explain the causes of the “new imperialism.” Identify multiple reasons to explain why imperialism was successful. Define the different types of colonial rule.

3. Imperialism • Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region • “Old Imperialism”….1500-1800 • Europeans gaining cultural dominance in the Americas (Spanish, British and French colonies) • Europeans only gained toeholds in Africa, India and China

4. Imperialism • “New Imperialism”….1800’s • Western powers were stronger politically and economically • Europeans begin an aggressive expansion worldwide, not just in the Americas

5. Causes of the New Imperialism • Economic Interests • Industrial Revolution created needs for natural resources • Rubber, manganese, petroleum and palm oil • Manufacturers hoped for new markets • Colonies offered an outlet for expanding population • Political and Military Interests • Steam powered merchant/naval vessels needed bases to take on coal and supplies • Nationalism led European powers to compete for similar regions • Europeans believed ruling a global empire increased a nation’s prestige

6. Causes of the New Imperialism • Humanitarian Goals • Europeans felt they had a duty to spread what they saw as the “blessings of western civilization” • Social Darwinism • Growing sense in the West of racial superiority • European races, they argued, were superior to all others and imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were simply nature’s way of improving the human species • “Survival of the fittest”

7. Reasons for Success • Weakness of Nonwestern States • Older civilizations were in decline (Ottomans, Mughal India and Qing China) • West Africa was experiencing wars due to effects of the slave trade • Western Advantages • Strong economies, well-organized governments and powerful armies/navies • Superior technology and medical knowledge • Quinine, Maxim machine guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships

8. Setbacks to Imperialism • Resistance • Africans and Asians strongly opposed western expansion into their lands • Nationalism movements rose to expel imperialists • Criticism at Home • Some Europeans believed colonialism was a tool of the rich • Argument: Westerners were moving toward greater democracy at home but imposing undemocratic rule on other people

9. Forms of Imperial Rule • Imperial rule took many forms. • Colonial Rule: • Direct Rule: Sending officials and soldiers to administer colony. Impose nation’s culture on their colonies and turn them into provinces • Indirect Rule: Use local rulers to govern colonies. Encourages children of ruling class to get imperial nation’s education creating a new “westernized” generation of leaders and spread imperial country’s civilization.

10. Forms of Imperial Rule 2) Protectorates: Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow advice of European advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity. 3) Spheres of Influence: An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. Protectorates cost less to run than a colony. Europeans carved spheres of influence in China, the US had a sphere in Latin America

11. Western Dominated World Review The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism. The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

12. The Partition of Africa What forces were shaping Africa in the early 1800s? How did European contact with Africa increase? How did Leopold II start a scramble for colonies? How did Africans resist imperialism? 2

13. Africa in the Early 1800s 2 To understand the impact of European domination, we must look at Africa in the early 1800s, before the scramble for colonies began. WEST AFRICA NORTH AFRICA Region had close ties to the Muslim world and remained under the rule of the declining Ottoman empire. The Asante controlled smaller states, who were ready to turn to Europeans to help them defeat their Asante rulers. SOUTH AFRICA EAST AFRICA Zulu aggression caused mass migrations and wars and created chaos across much of the region. Islam had long influenced the coast, where a profitable slave trade was carried on.

14. European Contacts Increased From the 1500s through the 1700s, difficult geography and disease prevented European traders from reaching the interior of Africa. Medical advances and river steamships changed all that in the 1800s. 2 MISSIONARIES EXPLORERS Explorers were fascinated by African geography but had little understanding of the people they met. Most famous European explorer was Dr. Livingstone Catholic and Protestant missionaries sought to win people to Christianity. Most took a paternalistic view of Africans. They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of western civilization.

15. 2 King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River basin to arrange trade treaties with African leaders. Scramble for Colonies King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing for rival claims to the region. At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how they could claim African territory without fighting amongst themselves. European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

16. Imperialism in Africa to 1914 2

17. Boer War When Britain takes control of Cape Colony in 1815, the Boers flee north. Late 1800’s: Boers find gold and diamonds in their new republics Conflict develops between British and Boers 1910: British unite Cape Colony and former Boer republics New Constitution set up a government run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that would remain in force until 1993 2 British clash with Boers….descendents of the Dutch who had controlled Cape Colony

18. Boer War • What was the main reason the British and Boers clashed in Africa? • The British coveted the riches the Boers had found in their new republics

19. African Resistance Algerians battled the French for years. The Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa battled the British. East Africans fought wars against the Germans. When Italy invaded, Ethiopia was prepared. Ethiopia was the only nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence. 2 Europeans met armed resistance across the continent.

20. European missionaries urged Africans to a) reject their own traditions. b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world. c) seek independence. d) attend the Berlin Conference. Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence? a) Congo b) Algeria c) Egypt d) Ethiopia Partition of Africa Review 2

21. European Challenges to the Muslim World What were sources of stress in the Muslim world? What problems did the Ottoman empire face? How did Egypt seek to modernize? Why were European powers interested in Iran? 3

22. What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World? By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism. 3

23. The Ottoman Empire As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire. 3 By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.

24. Iran and the European Powers 3 Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India. For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south. The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

25. European Challenges to the Muslim World Review The Suez Canal linked a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. c) the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany 3

26. The British Take Over India What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion? How did British rule affect India? How did Indians view western culture? What were the origins of Indian nationalism? 4

27. The Sepoy Rebellion: Causes and Effects The British East India Company: Undermined and violated Hindu beliefs required sepoys, or Indian soldiers in its service, to serve anywhere, including overseas allowing Hindu widows to marry ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles The sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. The British took terrible revenge Both sides were left with a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust. The British put India directly under British rule, sent more troops to India, and taxed Indians to pay for the cost of the occupying forces. 4 CAUSES EFFECTS

28. British Colonial Rule The British built roads and an impressive railroad network. The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry. Britain transformed Indian agriculture. Better health care and increased food production led to rapid population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines. The British revised the Indian legal system. British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools. 4 After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

29. Imperialism in India to 1858 4

30. Different Views on Culture Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress. Other Indians felt the answer to change lay with their own Hindu or Muslim cultures. Most British knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt. A few British admired Indian theology and philosophy and respected India’s ancient heritage. 4 During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture. INDIAN ATTITUDES BRITISH ATTITUDES

31. Indian Nationalism The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite class which would bolster British rule. As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. 4

32. In response to the Sepoy Rebellion, the British did all of the following except a) place India directly under British rule. b) send more troops to India. c) give into Indian demands for greater self-rule. d) tax Indians to pay for an increased British military presence. Which of the following is true of the Indian National Congress? a) Its members wanted to establish a separate Muslim state. b) Its members favored continued British rule c) Its members supported western-style modernization. d) Its members favored immediate overthrow of the British. British Rule in India Review 4

33. Imperialism in China • Since the mid 17th century, Chinese rulers had refused to adopt western ways • As a result, Chinese technology began to fall behind that of the Europeans who will begin to challenge the Middle Kingdom

34. The Opium War • Desperate to end the drain of British silver into Chinese pockets, British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late 18th century • China tried to halt imports of the highly addictive drug • In 1839, to keep trade open, the British fought with the Chinese in a conflict called THE OPIUM WAR • Britain’s superior military and industrial strength led to a quick victory

35. The Opium War

36. Treaty of Nanjing • In 1842, Britain forced China to agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Nanjing • China had to pay for Britain’s war costs, open ports to British trade and give Britain the island of Hong Kong • The western powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges including the right to build roads, railroads and factories

37. Spheres of Influence

38. Chinese Reaction to Imperialism • The Taiping Rebellion- from 1850-1864, angry impoverished peasants revolted against Qing officials. Millions were killed and China suffered. • Boxer Rebellion – in 1900, a group known as the Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China. Armies from the west and Japan crushed the rebellion and forced the Chinese to give foreign powers even more influence in China.

39. The Chinese Revolution • In the early 1900’s Chinese nationalism grew in reaction to the increased western presence in China • Sun Yat-sen led the movement to create a new government and replace the Qing Dynasty

40. Sun Yat-sen’s Three Goals • To end foreign domination • To form a representative government • To create economic security • In 1911, workers, peasants and warlords toppled the monarchy. Yat-sen was named president of the Chinese Republic.

41. Japan Modernizes 5 How did discontent in Japanese society and the opening of Japan lead to the Meiji Restoration? What were the main reforms under the Meiji? How did Japanese military strength promote imperialism?

42. Discontent in Tokugawa Japan 5 After the Tokugawa shoguns gained power in 1600, the reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners and forbade Japanese to travel overseas. The Japanese had limited trade with the Dutch in the port of Nagasaki. • By the 1800’s: • Shoguns were no longer strong leaders • Daimyo suffered financial hardship • Samurai were no longer fighters • Merchants had no political power • Peasants suffered under heavy taxes

43. Opening Up Japan 5 • July 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry persuades the Japanese give the U.S. trading rights: • Extraterritoriality • “Most Favored Nation” Japanese resented unequal treaties, found them humiliating 1867: Discontented daimyo and samurai “restored” the 15-year-old emperor to power and moved the capital to Tokyo.

44. Meiji Restoration 5 Period lasting from 1868 to 1912. Meiji means “enlightened rule.” Goal: “A rich country, a strong military” New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own game.

45. Reforms under the Meiji 5 • Strong Central Government based on German system: • Constitution said all citizens equal before law • Gave emperor autocratic power • Limited voting rights • Ended special privileges of samurai and subjected all men to military service • Economic Reforms: • Industrialized using technologies of the west • Social Change: • Ended legal distinctions between classes • Opened educational opportunities • Women still had secondary roles Overall, the Meiji Restoration reforms were very successful. Japan modernized and became a world power.

46. Growing Military Strength 5 As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth. Spurred by nationalism and imperialism, Japan built an empire. • 1894:Sino-Japanese War • Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology. • 1904: Russo-Japanese War • Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria. • Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet • 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea • Japanese Rule Korea • 1910: Japan annexes Korea • Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese • Imposed harsh rule on Koreans • Korean rebels created nationalist groups

47. Naval Power in the late 1800’s 5 Jul. 24, 1894 — A party of 50 Sailors and Marines under Captain George Fielding Elliott, USMC, was sent from the cruiser USS Baltimore (C 3) to guard the American legation at Seoul, Korea, during the Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese had just landed troops in Korea.

48. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s 5 Sino-Japanese War    “Japanese Warships Fire on the Enemy near Haiyang Island”by Mizuno Toshikata, September 1894 Battle of Pung-do, Sinking of the Kowshing  July 25, 1894

49. Japanese Power in the late 1800’s 5 Sino-Japanese War Chinese Surrender “After the Fall of Weihaiwei, the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang, Surrenders” by Mizuno Toshikata, November 1895 (above, with details).[2000.123] Sharf Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

50. 2 Southeast Asia and the Pacific • What impact did European colonization have on Southeast Asia? • How did imperialism spread to the Philippines and other Pacific islands?