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Managing Network connections

Managing Network connections. Network Cabling. Ethernet Topology. Bus topology Connects each node in a line Has no central connection point Star topology Connects all nodes to a centralized hub More popular; easier to maintain. Ethernet Topology. Ethernet Using Star Topology.

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Managing Network connections

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  1. Managing Network connections

  2. Network Cabling

  3. Ethernet Topology • Bus topology • Connects each node in a line • Has no central connection point • Star topology • Connects all nodes to a centralized hub • More popular; easier to maintain

  4. Ethernet Topology

  5. Ethernet Using Star Topology

  6. Ethernet Using Star Bus Topology

  7. Repeaters

  8. Wireless LANs (WLANs) • Make connections using a wireless NIC • Communicate directly or connect to a LAN by way of a wireless access point (AP) • Popular where cables are difficult to install • Slower than wired networks • Security is an issue • Standards • 1999 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi, AirPort) • Bluetooth

  9. Bridges and Switches • Bridges • Send broadcast messages; not good for large networks • Effective at separating high-volume areas on a LAN • Work best when used to connect LANs that usually do not communicate outside their immediate network • Switches • Send a packet only to network segment for which it is destined

  10. Bridges Compared with Switches

  11. MAC Addresses • Unique addresses that are permanently embedded in a NIC and identify a device on a LAN • Expressed as six pairs of hexadecimal numbers and letters • A local address • Used at the lowest (physical) networking level for NICs and other devices on the same network to communicate

  12. Architectural Overview of the TCP/IP 12

  13. The TCP/IP Protocols • The TCP/IP protocols • Provide networking connectivity support for computers (called hosts) on LANs and WANs • Follow a set of standards for how computers communicate and how networks are interconnected • Follow the four-layer Department of Defense (DOD) model

  14. Internet Protocol • Internet Protocol (IP) does the actual delivery of datagrams. • IP adds the following header fields to each packet: • Checksum • Time to Live (TTL) • Source IP Address • Destination IP Address • Protocol

  15. IP Addressing • Every host on a TCP/IP network must have a unique IP address (a 32-bit number that identifies both the host and the network the host is located on). • IP addresses are expressed in dotted-decimal format, such as 192.168.123.132. • Each set of four dotted-decimal numbers represents eight bits of the binary address. • The addresses range from 00000000 to 11111111, or, in decimal notation, from 0 to 255.

  16. IP Addressing (Cont.) • An IP address is accompanied by a subnet mask. • The subnet mask, when compared to the IP address, identifies the part of the IP address that is the network identifier and the part that is the host identifier. • The 1s identify network bits and the 0s identify host bits. • In the subnet mask 255.255.0.0, the first 16 bits (2 octets) are the equivalent of all ones in binary form. • The first two octets of the IP address are the network identifier. • The last two octets represent the host identifier.

  17. IP Address Classes

  18. IP Address Ranges for Private Networks

  19. Using Ipconfig.exe • Use Ipconfig.exe to view the TCP/IP configuration settings on a host, including IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. • At the command prompt, type ipconfig or ipconfig /all and then press Enter. • Use the /all parameter to display more information. • Running Ipconfig is an easy way to view the IP address and other parameters that the DHCP server has assigned to your computer.

  20. Using Ping • Ping is a command-line utility that uses Echo Request messages to determine if the TCP/IP stack of another computer on the network is functioning normally. • From a command prompt, type ping target (where target is the IP address or the name [DNS or NetBIOS, Example ping www.google.co.in] of the computer you are trying to contact). • A successful ping results in several reply messages from the target computer. • If the ping fails, one or both computers might have a networking hardware or software problem. • Example c:\> ping 192.168.1.2

  21. Using Traceroute • Tracert.exe, a variant of Ping, displays the path that packets take to their destination. • From a command prompt, type tracerttarget(where target is the IP address or the name [DNS or NetBIOS] of the target computer). • Use Tracert.exe to isolate the location of a network communications problem, particularly when a router is suspected. • Example C:\> tracert.exe 192.168.1.2

  22. Using Pathping • Pathping is a route tracing tool that • Sends packets to each router on the way to a final destination over a period of time • Computes results based on the packets returned from each hop • You can use Pathping.exe to isolate problems because it shows the degree of packet loss at any given router or link. • From the command line, type pathping target(where target is the IP address or the name [DNS or NetBIOS] of the target computer). • Example C:\> pathping.exe 192.168.1.2

  23. Using Route.exe (Cont.) • The ROUTE PRINT command displays the current contents of the routing table. • To create a new entry, use ROUTE ADD with parameters that specify the values for the entry. • Example C:\> route.exe 192.168.1.2

  24. Using Route.exe • Use Route.exe to create, delete, or modify static routes in a routing table on a computer running Windows 2000. • Route.exe uses the following syntax:ROUTE [-f] [-p][command[destination] [MASK netmask] [gateway] [METRIC metric] [IF interface]] • The Route.exe command variable takes one of four values: • PRINT • ADD • DELETE • CHANGE

  25. Using Arp.exe • IP uses ARP to discover the hardware address that each datagram is transmitted to. • Resolved addresses are stored in an ARP cache. • Use Arp.exe to view or change the contents of the ARP cache. • Arp.exe uses the following syntax: ARP [-a {ipaddress}] [-n ipaddress] [-s ipaddresshwaddress {interface}] [-d ipaddress {interface}]

  26. Using Netstat.exe • Netstat.exe is a Windows 2000 command-line utility that displays information about • The current network connections of a computer using TCP/IP • The traffic generated by various TCP/IP protocols • Netstat.exe uses the following syntax: NETSTAT [interval] [-a] [-p protocol] [-n] [-e] [-r] [-s]

  27. Using Nbtstat.exe • Nbtstat.exe is a Windows 2000 command-line utility that displays information about the NetBIOS over TCP/IP connections used by Windows 2000 when communicating with other Windows computers on a TCP/IP LAN. • Nbtstat.exe uses the following syntax: NBTSTAT [-a name] [-A ipaddress] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [-s] [-S] [-RR] • The parameters for Nbtstat.exe are case-sensitive.

  28. Using Nslookup.exe • Nslookup.exe is a Windows 2000 command-line utility that enables you to generate DNS request messages and transmit them to a specific DNS server on the network. • Nslookup.exe uses the following syntax: NSLOOKUP DNSnameDNSserver • DNSname specifies the DNS name you want to resolve. • DNSserver specifies the DNS name (or IP address of the DNS server) you want to query for the name you want to resolve.

  29. Try your own… LEARN , LEAP , LEAD…

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