Bell Work – Monday – 03/21/16

1. Bell Work – Monday – 03/21/16 WELCOME BACK – HAPPY MONDAY • In your student interactive notebook answer the following questions: • Describe your Spring Break – What was one exciting or new experience that you had during spring break? • You have 10 Weeks left of your academic school year – What is two goals that you would like to set for yourself this quarter?

2. Bell Work – Tuesday – 03/22/16 In your student interactive notebook answer the following questions: What are the phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid and dihybrid cross when the P generation was true breeding for a certain trait and the F1 generation was heterozygous? • Monohybrid: 3:1 3(dominant) : 1 (recessive) • Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1 9(dominant, dominant): 3(dominant, recessive): 3 (recessive, dominant) : 1 (recessive, recessive ) What pattern of inheritance does this demonstrate? • Mendel’s Principles of Dominance

3. Lesson Overview 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance

4. THINK ABOUT IT • Mendel’s principles offer a set of rules with which to predict various patterns of inheritance. • There are exceptions to every rule, and exceptions to the exceptions. • What happens if one allele is not completely dominant over another? What if a gene has several alleles? Just like the example above with flower color can you think of any other examples of in which organisms violated Mendel’s principles of inheritance?

5. Bell Work – Wednesday – 03/23/16 • In your student interactive notebook answer the following questions: • Define Monohybrid Cross – • A mating (or cross) between two individuals with different alleles at one genetic locus of interest. • Define Dihybrid Cross – • A mating (or cross) between two different lines (varieties, strains) that differ in two observed traits. The alleles of both these loci has a relationship of complete dominance - recessive. • Define Phenotype – • Physical characteristics of an organism • Define Genotype – • Genetic makeup of an organism • Monohybrid Phenotypic Ratio for Complete Dominance – • Dihybrid Phenotypic Ratio for Complete Dominance – 3:1 9:3:3:1

6. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles • What are some exceptions to Mendel’s principles? • Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. • Many genes exist in several different forms, and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. • Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes.

7. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles • Despite the importance of Mendel’s work, there are important exceptions to most of his principles. • In most organisms, genetics is more complicated, because the majority of genes have more than two alleles. • In addition, many important traits are controlled by more than one gene. • Mendel’s principles alone cannot predict traits that are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.

8. Incomplete Dominance • A cross between two four o’clock plants shows a common exception to Mendel’s principles. • The F1 generation produced by a cross between red-flowered (RR) and white-flowered (WW) plants consists of pink-colored flowers (RW), as shown.

9. Incomplete Dominance • In this case, neither allele is dominant. Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another are called incomplete dominance. • In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype lies somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes.

10. Codominance • Cases in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed are called codominance. • For example, in certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. • Heterozygous chickens have a color described as “erminette,” speckled with black and white feathers.

11. Multiple Alleles • A single gene can have many possible alleles. • A gene with more than two alleles is said to have multiple alleles. • Many genes have multiple alleles, including the human genes for blood type. This chart shows the percentage of the U.S. population that shares each blood group.

12. Polygenic Traits • Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. Polygenic means “many genes.” • Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phenotypes. • The variety of skin color in humans comes about partly because more than four different genes probably control this trait.

13. Bell Work – Thursday – 03/24/16 In your student interactive notebook answer the following questions: What does incomplete dominance mean? Give an example • In incomplete dominance, neither of the two alleles are dominant. The phenotype is a blend of the two alleles. Example – Pink flowers from red and white flowers What is the relationship between the environment and the phenotype? • The environment affects how genes are expressed and therefore influence an organisms phenotype

14. Genes and the Environment • Does the environment have a role in how genes determine traits? • Environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence • genetically determined traits.

15. Genes and the Environment • The characteristics of any organism are not determined solely by the genes that organism inherits. • Genes provide a plan for development, but how that plan unfolds also depends on the environment. • The phenotype of an organism is only partly determined by its genotype.

16. Genes and the Environment Western White Butterfly - Pontia occidentalis For example, consider the Western white butterfly. Western white butterflies that hatch in the summer have different color patterns on their wings than those hatching in the spring. Scientific studies revealed that butterflies hatching in springtime had greater levels of pigment in their wings than those hatching in the summer. In other words, the environment in which the butterflies develop influences the expression of their genes for wing coloration. Summer Spring

17. Genes and the Environment • In order to fly effectively, the body temperature of the Western white butterfly needs to be 28–40°C. • More pigmentation allows a butterfly to reach the warm body temperature faster. • Similarly, in the hot summer months, less pigmentation prevents the butterflies from overheating.