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?a???t??a ?a? ep??e???at???t?ta. t?? Mark Freel ?a? Margaret Fletcher . 2007 ??d?se?? ???t??? . ?a???t??a . ? ?????a t?? ?a???t??a? a?af??eta? se ??s?ast???? a??a??? st? te????????? ?p?a??? p?????t?? ? pa?a??????? d?ad??as???.? ep????? efa???? ??p??a? ep????s?? (s???? ??a p??t? f???), d??

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    1. David Deakins Mark Freel ?p??e???µat???t?ta

    2. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? ep??e???µat???t?ta t?? Mark Freel ?a? Margaret Fletcher © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    3. ?a???t?µ?a ? ?????a t?? ?a???t?µ?a? a?af??eta? se ??s?ast???? a??a??? st? te????????? ?p?ßa??? p?????t?? ? pa?a??????? d?ad??as???. ? eµp????? efa?µ??? ??p??a? ep????s?? (s???? ??a p??t? f???), d??ad? ? ?a???t?µ?a, e??a? ??t? µe?a??te?? ap? t?? ep????s? a?t? ?a?’a?t?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    4. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?? d???µe?? d?µ????????? ?atast??f?? t?? Schumpeter: ? e?sa???? e??? ???? a?a??? (? µ?a s?µa?t??? ße?t??s? e??? a?a??? p?? ?d? ?p???e?). ? e?sa???? µ?a? ??a? pa?a??????? µe??d?? (d??ad? µ?a? ?a???t?µ?a? ?s?? af??? st?? d?ad??as?e?). © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    5. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? (s????e?a) ?? ?????µa µ?a? ??a? a????? (?????? µ?a? e?a??????? a????? se ??a ed?f?). ? «?at??t?s? µ?a? ??a? p???? p??sf???? p??t?? ???? ? ?µ??ate??asµ???? a?a???». ? d?µ??????a e??? ???? e?d??? ß??µ??a????? ??????s?? (d??ad? µ?a ???a??t??? ?a???t?µ?a). © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    6. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?? pe??ss?te?e? ep??e???se?? ta?????µ?? a??pt???? de? e??a? ?a???t?µ???? µe t?? te????? ?????a, a??? µp??e? ?a e?s?µat????? ?a???t?µ?e? t?p???t?s?? t?? p?????t?? st?? a???? ? d?e?????? s?µµa??e?. ?? pe??ss?te?e? ep??e???se?? ?????? te???????a? de? pa???s?????? ta?e?a a??pt???. ?? pe??ss?te?e? ??e? ??se?? e??as?a? d?µ????????ta? ap? pa?ad?s?a??? ep??e???se?? p?? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ?aµ??? ßa?µ? ?a???t?µ???? d??s?? ?a? a??pt????. (??S?, 1996, se?. 57-58) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    7. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? «?ta? µ?a ep??e???s? pa???e? ??a a?a?? ? µ?a ?p??es?a, ? ???s?µ?p??e? ??p??a µ???d? ? e?s??? p?? ap?te?e? ??t? ?a??????? ??a t?? ?d?a, t?te p??ßa??e? se µ?a te????? a??a??. ? p??t? eta??e?a p?? p?a?µat?p??e? µ?a ded?µ??? te????? a??a?? e??a? ?a???t?µ??. ? p???? t?? ap?te?e? µ?a ?a???t?µ?a». Jacob Schmookler, 1966 © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    8. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ? ?a???t?µ?a e??a? µ?a ep??e???µat??? d?ast????t?ta. ???? ? p??t? ep??e???s? e??a? ?a???t?µ??. ?? ?p????pe? «s??e?sf????? st?? te????? a??a??». ? ???sµ?? a?af??eta? st?? ?????a t?? «te??????», ??? t?? «te??????????». © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    9. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    10. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    11. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?a????µ?s? t?? ?a???t?µ???: ????? a??a?? ??ast??? a??a??

    12. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? «? ?a???t?µ?a a?af??eta? t?s? st?? e???? ?s? ?a? st? d?ad??as?a µ?s? t?? ?p??a? ft????µe se µ?a te????????? ef??t? ??s? e??? p??ß??µat??, t? ?p??? e??e p?????e? e?te ???? ??p??a? te?????????? e??a???a? e?te ???? ?ata?a??t???? a??????.» Narayanan, 2001 ? ?a???t?µ?a p??pe? ?a e??a? ??a??p???t??? t?s? ?? p??? t?? te????????? d??stas? ?s? ?a? ?? p??? t? d??stas? t?? a?????. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    13. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? O???µe?? ap? t?? ep?st?µ????? ??e??a ?a???t?µ?a: ??ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? ???t?? Ge???? (de?aet?a ’50 – µ?sa de?aet?a? ’60) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    14. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?etap??eµ???: ??e? p??????µ???? a??pt??? µ?s? ?a?da?a? ß??µ??a????? ep??tas??. ?µf???s? ???? ß??µ??a???? st? ß?s? te?????????? e??a?????. ? ?e???? ?e???s? ?ta? ?t? ? ep?st?µ? ?a? ? te???????a ????? t? d??at?t?ta ?a ??s??? ??a ta ????????? p??ß??µata. ??t?? ?? ?????????? a?t????e?? a?ta?a????ta? st?? ??at???? p???t???? ??a t?? ep?st?µ? ?a? t?? te???????a ?? ?p??e? est?a?a? st?? p?e??? t?? p??sf????. «...pe??ss?te?? ??e??a ?a? a??pt???, pe??ss?te?a ep?t???µ??a ??a p?????ta». © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    15. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?????µe?? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a???t?µ?a: ??ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? ?e?te??? Ge???? (µ?sa de?aet?a? ’60 – a???? de?aet?a? ’70) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    16. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ? e?sa???? ???? p?????t?? ßas??eta? ?????? st?? ?p?????se? te???????e?. ???a??µe?? st?at????? ?µfas? st? µ???et???? ?a? st? d?af???p???s? p?????t??. ?eta????s? ap? t?? epe?tat??? te????????? a??a?? st?? e?????????sµ??? te????????? a??a??. ?? a????? ?ate??????? t? (µ??a????) ?e?t?????a t?? ??e??a? ?a? a??pt???? (R&D). ? ????a???a t?? s??e?t???? te?????????? a??a???, ?a??? ?a? ? pa?aµ???s? t?? µa???p???esµ?? R&D, e?????? ???d?????. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    17. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?? e????µe?e? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a???t?µ?e? te????? ?a e??a? p?? s????? ?ta? ?? ?ata?a??t?? e??a? te????????? e??ept?sµ????. ?? e????µe?e? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a???t?µ?e? eµfa?????ta? s????te?a se ???d??? µe ???µe? te???????e?. ?? e????µe?e? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a???t?µ?e? te????? ?a e??a? s??e?t????. ?? ??ad??as?e? ?a???t?µ?a?, t?s? t?? 1?? ?s? ?a? t?? 2?? ?e????, e??a? ?d?a?te?a ap?????? ?a? µ? t?p????. ??af????ta?, st?? ?a??te?? pe??pt?s?, st?? d?? a??a?e? ?atast?se??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    18. ? f?s? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? O???µe?? ap? t?? ep?st?µ????? ??e??a ?a???t?µ?a: ??ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? ???t?? Ge??a?: ?? e??a???e? p?? eµfa?????ta? ?? ap?t??esµa ??p??a? te?????????? a??a??? ????? t?? ep??e???se?? st?? a?a??t?s? efa?µ????. ?????µe?? ap? t? ??t?s? ?a???t?µ?a: ??ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? ?e?te??? Ge????: ? ?a???t?µ?a p????e? ap? t?? ??f?as? ??p??a? ?ata?a??t???? a?????? ?a? p??????e? µ?s? t?? a?a??t?s?? te?????? ??se?? ??a t?? ??a??p???s? t?? a?????? a?t??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    19. ?e???d?? ?????? p??????sµ??, ???esµ?? t?? ??t?s?? (stas?µ?p??????sµ??) ?a? d?a????t???? a?e???a?. St?at????? est?as? st? ??t?µa t?? e?????? ?a? t?? µe??s?? t?? ??st???. ???a??µe?? s?µas?a t?? ?ata???s?? t?? ?a???t?µ???? d?ad??as?a? ?ts? ?ste ?a µe?????? ?? ap?t???e?. ?? p??te? s?st?µat???? eµpe?????? µe??te? ?atade??????? µ?a p??? p?? ?e???? d?ad??as?a a????ep?d?as?? µeta?? te?????????? d??at?t?t?? ?a? a?a???? t?? a?????. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t??? ?e???: ? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 3?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’70 – µ?sa de?aet?a? ’80)

    20. ?e???: ? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 3?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’70 – µ?sa de?aet?a? ’80) «...µ?a d?ad??as?a p?? ?a?a?t????eta? ap? µ?a ?????? a???????a, ????? ?a e??a? a?a??ast??? s??e???, ?a? ? ?p??a µp??e? ?a d?a??e?e? se µ?a se??? ?e?t??????? ????st??, a??? a????ep?d???t?? ?a? a?????e?a?t?µe??? stad???. ?? ?e???? µ??t??? t?? ?a???t?µ???? d?ad??as?a? µp??e? ?a ?e????e? ?? ??a d??t?? p???p????? d?ad??µ??, t?s? e?d?ep??e???s?a??? ?s? ?a? e??ep??e???s?a???, p?? s??d?e? t?? ep??e???s? µe t?? e???te?? ep?st?µ????? ?a? te????????? ?????t?ta, ?a??? ?a? µe t?? a????. ?e ???a ????a, ? d?ad??as?a t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ap?te?e? t? s???e?asµ? te?????????? d??at?t?t?? ?a? a?a???? t?? a????? µ?sa sta p?a?s?a t?? ?a???t?µ?? ep??e???s??.» (Rothwell ?a? Zegveld, 1985, se?. 50) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    21. ????????s?: ? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 4?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’80 – de?aet?a ’90) St?at????? s?µas?a t?? a?apt?ss?µe??? ?e????? te?????????. St?at????? ?µfas? st? s?ss??e?s? te???????a? (te????????? st?at?????). ?e???µe??? ?????? ???? p?????t??. ? ta??t?ta a??pt???? ?a??stata? a?ta????st???? pa?????ta?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    22. ????????s?: ? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 4?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’80 – de?aet?a ’90) (s????e?a) ??a??????eta? t? ?t? ?? ?ap?????? eta??e?e? de? ?ta? ap?? ?a? µ??? ap?te?esµat???? a?t???afe?? te?????????. S?µas?a t?? a??pt???? t?? ????????s?? ?a? t?? pa?a?????sµ??. ????µ? ????????s? t?? p??µ??e?t??, es?te???? a??pt??? t?? pa?a?????sµ??. ?d??e? se ?????e? ?p?? t? «s??d?? ??a t? ß??µ??a??a». © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    23. ???? t? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 5?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’90) ??p??e? t?se?? s??e?????ta? S?ss??e?s? te???????a?. St?at????? d??t??s?. S?µas?a t?? ta??t?ta? e?s?d?? st?? a????. S??d?asµ?? µeta?? st?at?????? p?? a?af????ta? se p?????ta ?a? st?at?????? p?? a?af????ta? se ß??µ??a??e?. ??a??t?s? µe?a??te??? e?e????a? ?a? p??sa?µ?st???t?ta?. ?e?a??te?? a?ta????st??? ?µfas? st?? p???t?ta ?a? st?? ap?d?s?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    24. ???? t? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 5?? ?e???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’90) ? Rothwell (1994) ?p?st????e? ?t? ? ta??t?ta a??pt???? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?s?? ?a e??a? ? p???? s?µa?t???? pa?????ta?: «? s?µas?a t?? ?a e?sa? ? p??t?? p?? ?a p??sf??e? ??a ??? p????? st?? a???? ???e?ta? st? ?t? ? p??t?? a?t? ?a s?? f??e? µe?a??te?? µe??d?? a?????, ap?te??sµata eµpe???a? ?a? µ???s??, µ???p???a?? ???d? ?a? a??a??µe?? ??a??p???s? t?? pe?at??». © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    25. ???? t? ??ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 5?? Ge???? (a???? de?aet?a? ’90) «? ???a??t????, p?a?t????, te?????????? ?a? ?esµ???? ??????ta? t?? a??pt???? p?????t?? ap? t?? p???? ?a???t?µe? ep??e???se??, ?e????µe??? s???????, a?t?p??s?pe?e? µ?a ????s? p??? t? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ?a? 5?? ?e????, µ?a d?ad??as?a ????????s?? s?st?µ?t?? ?a? d??t??s??». (Rothwell, 1994, se?. 15) ? Rothwell d??e? ?µfas? st?? ta??t?ta ?a? st?? ap?te?esµat???t?ta, sta s?st?µata ?a? sta d??t?a. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    26. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?? µ???? e??a? ?µ??f?, a??? µ?p?? t? µe???? e??a? ?a??te??; «...ep??e???se?? µe s?et??? µ???? ? (??a ?e?e?se???µe????) µ?de???? µe??d?? a????? ????? t? ????t?? ?a ep?ta?????? t? ???µ? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ?ta? p??sd????? ?a ?e?d?s??? t? p?e????t?µa t?? p??t?? ????s?? ?a? ?a ap??t?s??? s?µa?t??? tµ?µa t?? a?????. ?µ??, ?? ????a??e? ep??e???se?? p?? ape?????ta? ap? µ?a t?t??a p???pt??? ????? ???e ????t?? ?a a?t?d??s??? d??aµ???, e?a??st?p????ta? t? p??ß?d?sµa t?? pe??fe?e?a??? ep??e???se?? ? a??µ? ?a? d???ta? p??? ap? a?t??». (Scherer ?a? Ross, 1990, se?. 651) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    27. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? «? µ???p???a?? ep??e???s? ?a pa???e? µe?a??te?? a???µ? ?a???t?µ??? epe?d? d?a??te? p?e??e?t?µata ta ?p??a, a? ?a? de? e??a? ap???t?? ad??at?? ?a ep?te?????? ap? ep??e???se?? p?? ?e?t??????? a?ta????st???, e?asfa?????ta?, st?? p?a?µat???t?ta, µ??? st? µ???p???a?? ep?ped?». (Schumpeter 1950, se?. 7) «?pe?d? ? a??pt??? ??st??e?, ?peta? ?t? µp??e? ?a ???p????e? µ??? ap? µ?a ep??e???s? p?? d?a??te? p?????, ?? ?p???? s??d???ta? µe t? µe???? µ??e???». (Galbraith 1956, se?. 87) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    28. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? St? ?? ?p?????? pe??p?? 3,8 e?at?µµ???a ep??e???se??. ? s?et??? s?????t??s? t?? dapa??? ??e??a? ?a? ???pt???? (?&?) µe???eta? ?? ap?t??esµa t?? a??a??µe??? a???µ?? ep??e???se?? µe ?ate????s? st?? ??e? te???????e?. ?a ep?s?µa st???e?a ??a t?? dap??e? ?&? de? pe???aµß????? t?? e?e???t??? ?a? efe??et??? d???e?? d?e????t???? ste?e??? ?a? µ??a?????, ? ?p??a de? a???e? sta ????a ?a?????t? t???. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    29. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ? e?as?te?????, µe????? apas????s??, e?e???t??? e??as?a µp??e? ?a e??a? p??? pa?a??????. S?µf??a µe ta st???e?a, ? e?e?d??e?µ???, epa??e?µat??? ?&? e??a? s???e?t??µ??? se ???e? µe???e? ep??e???se??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    30. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? «...? p??a??t?ta ?t? µ?a ep??e???s? ?a d?e???e? ?&? a????eta? µe t? µ??e??? t?? ep??e???s?? ?a? p??se????e? t? µ???da ??a t?? µe?a??te?e? ep??e???se??». (Cohen, 1995, se?. 185) ?? s?????e? ?d??p???s?? (µ?st???t?ta, p?e??e?t?µata p??t?? ????s?? ??p.) s???? pe????????? st?? ep??e???se?? st?? e?µet???e?s? t?? ?a???t?µ??? t??? µ?s? t?? pa?a????? t???. ?? µe?a??te?? µ??e??? (??a ?a? ? µe?a??te??? ????? p???se??) ep?t??pe? st?? ep??e???se?? ?a d?a????? ?a??te?a t?? dap??e? ?&? µe ap?t??esµa ?a a?a?aµß????ta? ?a? pe??ss?te?a ???a?? s??d?a ?&?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    31. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?µ??... «ap? t? de?aet?a t?? ’70, ? s?et??? µe t?? ?a???t?µ?a ß?ß?????af?a t????e ?t? ?? dap??e? ?&? a?t?p??s?pe???? µ??? ??a µ???? tµ?µa t?? s???????? ??st??? ?a???t?µ?a?». (Sterlacchini, 1999, se?. 819) ?? dap??e? ?&? st?? µ????? ep??e???se?? te?????, se µe???? ßa?µ?, ?a est?????? st?? a?apt???a?? pa?? st? ßas??? ??e??a. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    32. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??a s?????t??s? t?? µetas??µat?sµ?? t?? ?p?????sa? ???s?? se ??a ?a?/? ße?t??µ??a p?????ta (?a? pa?a??????? d?ad??as?e?), e??a? p?? p??a?? ?a ?d???se? st?? ?ata??µ? t?? d?ast????t?ta? ?&? µeta?? d??f???? t?µ???, pa?? st?? s?????t??s? t?? sta p?a?s?a µ?a? µ??ad????, d?a???t?? ?a? ep?s?µ?? ?e?t?????a? ?&?. ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?p?e?t?µ??? s?st?µat??? st?? a?af???? t??? t?? dap??e? ?&?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    33. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??d? µ????? ep??e???se?? p?? d?e?????? ?&? ?p??e???se?? p?? ????? µ???? ?e????se? ?a a?apt?ss??? ? ?a e?µeta??e???ta? µ?a ??a efe??es? ?a? ?? ?p??e? ?s?? ?a ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ??a? p??s????? ????? ???? dapa??? ?&? / p???se??. ?p??e???se?? ?????? e?e?d??e?s?? µe ?d?a?te?a ste?? ped?? e?e?d??e?s?? ?a? ?? ?p??e? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ??a? s?et??? sta?e?? ???? dapa??? ?&? / p???se?? t?? t??e?? t?? 10%-20%. ?p??e???se?? p?? a???????ta? ?a ep?ß??s??? se a????? ?? ?p??e? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ??t??? a?ta????sµ? µ?s? t?? e?sa????? ???? p?????t??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    34. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?at??te? – e????? ?&? ????? e?s???? ?&? Te??e?ta? ?t? ?? µe???e? ep??e???se?? ????? µe?a??te?? ??p? p??? t?? ?at?????s? pate?t??, µe ap?t??esµa ?a e??s??eta? ? e?t?µ?µe?? s??e?sf??? t?? µe????? ep??e???se??. St?? ??? ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? a?af????? ??a µe?a??te?? a???µ? efa?µ???? pate?t?? a?? d?????? ?&?. ?????, ??a, ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? µe?a??te?? pa?a??????t?ta st?? t?µ?a t?? ??e??a?; © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    35. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?at??te? – e????? ?&? ????? e?s???? ?&? ?a???a a?t?, p??sfata st???e?a ap? t? ?? ?a? t?? ??? de?????? ?t? ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ????? µe?a??te?? ??p? p??? t?? ?at?????s? pate?t??. ?? µe???e? ep??e???se?? f?ß???ta? t?? a?t?-µ???p???a?? ??µ??es?a, µp????? ?a ?????? pe??aµat????? e??????? ?a? e??a? se ??s? ?a d?asfa??s??? t? µ?st???t?ta (t?s? st? at?µ??? ?s? ?a? st? s???????? ep?ped?). ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? de? ????? t?? p???t??e?a ?a µ?? ?at?????s??? t?? a?a?a???e?? t???, ??te ?a? ?a pe??µ?????. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    36. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?µpe????? st???e?a st??????? t?? ?p??? ?t? «...pa?ep?st?µ?a, ?d??te? e?e???t?? ?a? µ????? ep??e???se?? e??a? µ?a d?sa?????a µe???? s??e?sf??? st?? p?? ??????? µ??f?? efe???se?? t?? 20?? a???a». (Freeman ?a? Soete, 1997, se?. 234) ??t? ?s??e? a?e???t?ta ap? t? ?e????? ?t? ?? pe??ss?te?e? ap? a?t?? t?? efe???se?? a?apt?????a? ?a? e?s????sa? st?? a???? ap? µe???e? ep??e???se??, d??ad? t? pa?ap??? s????? a?af??eta? st?? ?????a t?? efe??es?? ?a? ??? se a?t?? t?? ?a???t?µ?a?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    37. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? «...e??a? ?????? ?a ?p???s??µe ?t? ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?s?? ????? ??p??? s?????t??? p?e????t?µa sta p???µa st?d?a t?? efe??et???? e??as?a?, ?a??? ?a? st?? ????te?? a???ß??, a??? p?? ??????? ?a???t?µ?e?, e?? ?? µe???e? ep??e???se?? ????? ??a p?e????t?µa sta µet?pe?ta st?d?a, ?a??? ?a? st? ße?t??s? ?a? a?aß??µ?s? t?? a?????? efe???se??». (Freeman ?a? Soete, 1997, se?. 234) ?a pa?ap??? ?p??e??ta? se ??ad???? d?a??µ??se?? (?a? se pa?????te? ?p?? ? p???p????t?ta t?? ?a???t?µ?a?), p.?. ? ??µ??? ß??µ??a??a se s??s? µe t? µ??a???????? s?ed?asµ?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    38. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?p??e???µat??? ?a???t?µ?a ?? ??e? te???????e? ?a? ? ep?st?µ????? a??pt??? d?µ???????? ??????µ???? e??a???e? ??a t??? e?e????? ?a? d?ast?????? ep??e???µat?e?. ??????, ta??tata a?apt?ss?µe?e? ep??e???se?? eµfa?????ta? ?a? ?a??sta?ta? p??ta?????? atµ?µ??a??? t?? ??????µ???? a??pt????. S???? d?µ???????? tµ?µat???? ?a? a???te?t?????? ?a???t?µ?e?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    39. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??a?e???st??? ?a???t?µ?a: ?a??? ?? a????? ???µ?????, ? ????? t?? ep??e???se?? µe?a???e? ?a? ???eta? st? p??s????? ? a?ta????sµ?? se ep?ped? ??st??? ?a? t?µ??. ?? ep??e???se?? p??sa?µ????? t?? e?e???t???? t??? p??sp??e?e? st?? d???µe?? t?? a?????. ? µe?????s? e??a? a?????? t?? s??e?t???? ?a???t?µ???. ?? ped?? est?as?? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? µetat?p??eta? ap? ta p?????ta st?? d?ad??as?e?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    40. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata t?? µe????? ep??e???se?? ?? µe???? µ??e??? ep?t??pe? st?? ep??e???se?? ?a ????et?s??? µ?a p??s????s? ?a?t?f??a????, µe s??p? t?? ap?f???, ? t??????st?? t? d????s?, t?? ???d????. ?? at??e?e? st?? a????? ?efa?a??? d????? ??a p?e????t?µa st?? µe???e? ep??e???se??. ??a??t?ta e?µet???e?s?? t?? ??????µ??? ???µa?a? t?s? ?s?? af??? st?? ?&? ?s? ?a? a????, p.?. st? µ???et????. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    41. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata t?? µe????? ep??e???se?? ?? ap?d?se?? t?? dapa??? ??a ?&? e??a? ?????te?e? ?ta? ? ?a???t?µ?? ep??e???s? e??a? se ??s? ?a d?a??e? ta p???a ??st? se ??a? µe???? ???? p???se??. ??a??t?ta p??sßas?? se ??????µ?e? s??p??, ?? ?p??e? e??a? apa?a?t?te? ??a t?? e?µet???e?s? ?????? ?efa?a??p???s??. ?e?a??te?? ????t??, ?????? se s??s? µe ?a???t?µ?e? d?ad??as???, ?a???t?µ?e? d??ad? p?? ?d????? se µe??se?? t?? a?? µ???da ??st???. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    42. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?e???e?t?µata t?? µe????? ep??e???se?? ? ??e??a µp??e? ?a ???e? «?pe?ß????? ???a??µ???», µp??e? ?a eµfa??st??? a?t?-??????µ?e? ???µa?a? ?a? ?a a?apt?????? ??afe????at?e?. ?p??e?a t?? d?e????t???? e??????. ??ast??ß??s? t?? at?µ???? ????t??? ?a? t?s? p??? t? «d?e????t?sµ?», ?a??? ?a? a???a??t?ta ap???µ?s?? ?fe??? ap? at?µ???? p??sp??e?e?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    43. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?e???e?t?µata t?? µe????? ep??e???se?? ? at?µ??? d?µ????????t?ta eµp?d??eta? ap? t?? ?µf?t? s??t???t?sµ? t?? ?e?a?????. ?pa??? ?pe?ß????? p????? «f??t???» st? d?ad??as?a ????? ap?f?se??, ap?st??f? st?? ???d???. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    44. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ? «??a ?e???s?» ?? dap??e? ?&? e??a? a?at?????e? ?? µ???da µ?t??s?? t?? e?s???? st? d?ad??as?a ?a???t?µ???. ?e??te? p?? e?s?µat????? µ???de? µ?t??s?? t?? e????? ?p?st??????? ?t? ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ????? «??tas? ?a???t?µ?a?». ? «pa?a??????t?ta» t?? dapa??? ?&? te??e? ?a µe???eta? µe t? µ??e??? t?? ep??e???s??, p???µa p?? s?µa??e? ?t? ?? µe???e? ep??e???se?? e??a? ????te?? ap?te?esµat???? st?? ?&?, ?t? d??ad? ?? dap??e? ?&? ?p??e??ta? se f?????se? ap?d?se??. ? «pa?a??????t?ta» t?? dapa??? ?&? ?p??e?ta? se ??ad???? d?a??µ??se??. ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?p?e?t?µ??? st?? a?af???? t??? t?? dap??e? t??? ??a ?&?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    45. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a

    46. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a

    47. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a

    48. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a

    49. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??e??e?t?µata ?a? µe???e?t?µata t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a

    50. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??ad??? ??t?µata ?p?de??µata ep??e???µat???? ?a? e?e???µe??? ?a???t?µ?a? «??a ?p?de??µa ep??e???µat???? ?a???t?µ?a? e??a? e?????? p??? t?? e?s?d? ?a???t?µ?? ep??e???se?? ?a? µ? e?????? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ??? d?ast????t?ta t?? ?f?st?µe??? ep??e???se??. Se ??a ?p?de??µa e?e???µe??? ?a???t?µ?a? ?? s?????e? e??a? a?t?st??fe?». (Winter, 1984, se?. 297) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    51. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?p?de??µa e?e???µe??? ?a???t?µ?a?: ? ???s? p?? ?d??e? st?? ?a???t?µ?a p????e? ap? t?? eµpe???a (p.?. µ???s? ap? t?? p????). ?p?de??µa ep??e???µat???? ?a???t?µ?a?: ? ???s? p?? p?????eta? ap? t? e??te???? t?? ???d?? pa??e? p?? s?µa?t??? ???? st?? pa?a???? ?a???t?µ???. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    52. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ?a ?p?de??µata ep??e???µat???? ?a???t?µ?a? ?a?a?t??????ta? ap? ?e????????? a????µ?t?ta. ?ß?ßa?e? ?ata?a??t???? p??t?µ?se??. S?et??? ?aµ??? ??tas? ?efa?a??? ?a? s?et??? ?aµ??? ??st? a??pt????. ??d??e?µ??e?-???a??? a????? ?a? ap??s?a ??????µ??? ???µa?a?. ?aµ???te?a eµp?d?a e?s?d??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    53. ?p?de??µata ep??e???µat???? ?a? e?e???µe??? ?a???t?µ?a? ?p??e???µat??? ?a???t?µ?a ?e????????? a????µ?t?ta. ?ß?ßa?e? ?ata?a??t???? p??t?µ?se??. S?et??? ?aµ??? ??tas? ?efa?a??? ?a? s?et??? ?aµ??? ??st? a??pt????. ??d??e?µ??e?-???a??? a????? ?a? ap??s?a ??????µ??? ???µa?a?. ?aµ???te?a eµp?d?a e?s?d??. ??e???µe?? ?a???t?µ?a ?e????? ???µ?t?ta. ?d?a??µ??e? ?ata?a??t???? p??t?µ?se??. ??????µ?e? ???µa?a? ?a? µ???s??. ????? ??tas? ?efa?a???. ????? eµp?d?a e?s?d??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    54. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? «...fa??eta? p?? st??? ???d??? ?????? e?t?se?? ?efa?a??? ?? ?a???t?µ?e?, t?s? se p?????ta ?s? ?a? se d?ad??as?e?, ????? µ???p????e? ?????? ap? t?? µe???e? ep??e???se??... ...?? s??e?sf???? t?? µ????? ep??e???se?? e??a? ?????? se t?µe?? ?p?? t?s? ? ??tas? ?efa?a??? ?s? ?a? ta ??st? a??pt???? t?? ?a???t?µ?a? ß??s???ta? se ?aµ??? ep?ped? ??a ta pe??ss?te?a p?????ta ?a? ?p?? t? ??st?? e?s?d?? st?? ???d? e??a? ?aµ??? ??a ??e? ep??e???se??». (Freeman ?a? Soete, 1997, se?. 239) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    55. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? «St? pa?e????, ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? e??a? µ?a d?sa?????a µe???? s??e?sf??? ?at? ta p???µa st?d?a a??pt???? t?? s?µa?t???? ???? te?????????, a??? ?a??? ? te???????a ???µ??e? µ?a d?ad??as?a s?????t??s?? ?aµß??e? ???a, eµfa?????ta? ????a??a s??d?a ?a? µp??e? ?a ep???at?s??? fa???µe?a «??e?d?µat??». (Freeman ?a? Soete, 1997, se?. 239) © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    56. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? S?µpe??sµata ?? µ????? ?a? ?? µe???e? ep??e???se?? µp??e? ?a e?p???????? d?af??et????? ?a? s?µp????µat????? ??????. ?? ????? a?t?? µp??e? ?a µetaß?????ta? ?at? t? d????e?a t?? ?????? ???? t?? ???d??, ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? µp??e? ?a ????? p?e??e?t?µata ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a se eµß??a???? ???d???. ?f?? ?a??e???e? ??a ????a??? s??d??, ? ?µfas? µetat?p??eta? se µ????? ße?t??se?? t?? p?????t?? ?a? se µe??se?? t?? ??st???. ? ?a???t?µ?a ???eta? e?e???µe??, ?? ??????µ?e? ???µa?a? ap??t??? s?µas?a ?a? ? ???d?? a?ad????a???eta?. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    57. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ??t?µata p???t???? ? e?e????a ?a? ? ta??t?ta d????? st?? µ????? ep??e???se?? p?e????t?µa ?? p??? t?? ?a???t?µ?a. a???, ?? pe?????sµ?? p???? (e??te????? ?a? es?te?????) eµp?d????? t?? ?a???t?µ??? d?ast????t?ta t?? µ????? ep??e???se??. ?s?te????? pe?????sµ?? – ???e??? te????? ?ata?t?sµ???? e??at???? d??aµ????, pe?????sµ?? t?? d?????s??. ???te????? pe?????sµ?? – d?s????a p??s????s?? ???µat?d?t?s??, ?a?? ???s? e??te????? p????f???s??, e?e?d??e?s?, d??t?a. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

    58. ?a???t?µ?a ?a? µ??e??? ep??e???s?? ? p?????s? ??a t?? ??at??? p???t??? e??a? ?a µet???se? t??? pe?????sµ??? p???? p?? a?t?µet?p????? ?? µ????? ep??e???se?? d?at????ta? ta?t?????a ta p?e??e?t?µata p?? s?et????ta? µe t? s?µpe??f??? t???. ? p???t??? µp??e? ?a pa??e? ???? ?? p??? t?? e???????s? t?? d??t??se?? ?a???t?µ?a?: p??µ??e?t??, ?pe?????ß??, pe??te?, a?ta????st??, pa?ep?st?µ?a/ ??????a, ??at???? ?p??es?e? ?p?st??????. ???? s?µa?t??? e??a? ta ??t?µata p?? s?et????ta? µe t?? p??sf??? ?a? t? ??t?s? ?s?? af??? st?? p??sßas? ?a? ???s? ???µat?d?t?s?? ap? µ????? ep??e???se??. © 2007 ??d?se?? ???t???

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