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The French Revolution

The French Revolution. The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46. Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps. First Consul. Moderate Period 1789-1792 “Age of Montesquieu” Constitutional Monarchy Liberal moderates in control National Assembly/Legislative Assembly

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The French Revolution

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  1. The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

  2. First Consul

  3. Moderate Period 1789-1792 “Age of Montesquieu” Constitutional Monarchy Liberal moderates in control National Assembly/Legislative Assembly Limited Change Limited enfranchise-ment Restoration Period 1799-1804 “Age of Voltaire” Enlightened Despotism Consulate Government centralized with enlightened ideals Old Order returns to power Crane Brinton & The Anatomy of Revolution Radical Period • 1792-1794 • “Age of Rousseau” • Republic • Strong central government • Radicals in control • Convention • Major Change • Total enfranchise- ment • Terror • Command economy • Utopian/ idealized vision Thermidorian Period • 1794-1799 • “Age of Smith” • Oligarchy • Moderates Bourgeoisie government • Directory • Reactionary stage • Idealized visions of Rev forgotten • Period of decadence • Free Market economy • High Inflation • Reliance on Strong Man

  4. Consulate -Code Napoleon -Duke of Enghien executed -Napoleon crowns self Emperor Napoleon Concordat of 1801 Coup d’etat Brumaire 1799 1801 1804 Constitution of 1799

  5. Napoleon • Born in Corsica in 1759 (months after French took it over) • Father moved family to France, climbed French social ladder and got Napoleon in military academy • Hated French at first • Teased by French children for yellow skin and Italian accent • Rose through ranks quickly during Revolution as many nobles had fled • 5’6” (according to some sources) • (very short for general) • Intense & intimidating stare • Coarse manners, bad temper • Not an aristocrat in behavior • Genius • Capacity for hours of study in varied subjects • Extremely detail oriented • Able to anticipate moves of enemies

  6. Napoleon’s Foes in 1799 Monarchists-wanted monarchy restored, wanted titles restored, émigrés wanted to come home Sans Culottes- wanted universal male suffrage Catholic wanted Catholicism restored Jacobins- wanted republic, public education Bourgeoisie-l wanted property protected, business stability, equality under the law, meritocracy Peasants -wanted Catholicism restored, traditional values restored

  7. First Consul • Considered the last and most eminent enlightened despot by some • Considered an absolutist despot by others • Constitution of 1799 • Plebiscite (public referendum) accepted it 3 million to 1 thousand • Set up ‘a make believe’ of parliamentary institutions • Gave universal male suffrage • BUT only allowed for the selection and installment of “notables” • Notables were then appointed by government to positions • Had no power on their own (more of a debating club) • Government also had a Tribune and a Conservative Senate • Little power was exercised outside of the First Consul • Characterized by conservative, authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized pseudo republican government • Satisfies Sans Culottes (universal male suffrage)

  8. Marengo

  9. Peace of Amiens Made peace with 1st Coalition • Russia dropped out of coalition • Austria defeated at battle of Marengo in June 1800 • Treaty of Lunevelle (1801) reconfirms Campo Formio • France gains domain over Northern Italy from Austria • Peace of Amiens • Peace treaty w/ Britain in 1802 • Peace & security satisfies Peasants & Bourgeoisie (& most of French) • Peace is good for business and agriculture • 1800 & 1802 • Grants general amnesty to 100 thousand émigrés • Pleases monarchists

  10. Duke of d’Enghien • Picks capable and effective people to staff the administration (many Royalists & Jacobins) • Bomb to assassinate him was blamed on a Jacobin conspiracy • even thou he knew royalist had done it • deported 100 Jacobins • Makes royalists happy • Exaggerated “royalist plots” • Kidnapped Duke of d’Enghien from Baden (Germany) • A Bourbon • Trumped up charges of conspiracy to overthrow government • Had him executed by firing squad • keeps the Jacobins satisfied that they, as regicides, are safe under his rule • Pleases Jacobins • But monarchists hate this!! Louis Antoine Henri, duc d'Enghien

  11. Napoleon’s Iron Hand

  12. Concordat of 1801 • Bonaparte made peace with the Catholic Church • Regarded religion as a means to rule • advertised himself as a Muslim in Egypt, a Catholic in France, a freethinker among professors • recognized Catholic revival in France and wanted to eliminate refractory clergy (aided by England) • Concordat of 1801 (with the Vatican) • Pope can depose French bishops and controls the Church in France • Pope (by signing) recognizes the French Republic and raises no question over former church lands • Clergy are salaried by the state • Pope cannot question French toleration • Also put Protestant ministers and the state payroll • Disarmed the counterrevolution • Republic is no longer ‘godless’ • Satisfies conservative Peasants & Catholics The caption of the picture translates: "Signature of the Concordat between the French Government and His Holiness Pius VII for the re-establishment of the Catholic religion in France".

  13. Consulate reforms • Meritocracy • Careers open to talent • No privileges were recognized • Citizens were to rise according to their abilities (merit over birth) • Education came to be a determinant of social standing • So long as it (book) didn’t question the First Consul (Germaine de Stael exiled) • Lyceum system • Centrally controlled state run secondary schools opened • Tax reform • no tax exemptions • No more tax farmer • Nation collected 100% of what it taxed • Bank of France • Central bank created • new currency was established • Stabilized economy • Gov. no longer captive to will of nobility • Bourgeoisie love all of this stuff

  14. The Napoleonic Codes • Condensed over 300 legal systems of Old Regime, thousands of laws past by Revolutionaries into One Code of Five sections • Ancien regime laws were confusing, contradictory & allowed to numerous exemptions • Napoleonic Code made France legally and judicially uniform • Assured legal equality (not economic) to all Frenchmen • forbade privileges based on birth • allowed freedom of religion • specified that government jobs go to the most qualified • Paternalistic view of law • Left wife with very restricted powers over property • Unable to sign contract, own property • Above all it secured the sanctity of property rights!! • Bourgeoisie Napoleon :} Hammurabi is portrayed receiving the laws directly from Shamash the sun god

  15. Napoleon’s Early Accomplishments

  16. The Revolution is Complete 1792-1794 Radical Stage 1794-1799 Thermidorian 1789 France = A Sick Absolute Monarchy 1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor of France France = A Healthy Absolute Monarchy 1789-1792 Moderate Stage 1799-1804 Restoration

  17. Emperor Napoleon I

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