Bellringer

1. Bellringer Write down the following question and your answer. Then turn in your bellringers for the week. Did the Constitution address all of the problems that existed in the country under the Articles of Confederation? What problems may still have existed after the ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights? Take about 5 minutes to respond. Remember, failure to write the question will take points off of your grade.

2. Key Words/People to Know Section 1: Alexis de Tocqueville, Noah Webster, nationalism, sectionalism, McCulloch v. Maryland, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine, Missouri Compromise

3. What happens next? • Before and after the War of 1812, European powers are tired of dealing with Napoleon and other revolutions. • Many of these revolutions in South America, and, even though we declared neutrality, we supplied many rebels and revolutionaries with guns and ships • Concern that other European powers would try to come back to the Americas to reconquer newly freed countries.

4. The Monroe Doctrine • James Monroe (negotiator of Treaty of Ghent) becomes president • Secretary of State is John Quincy Adams, son of Abigail and John Adams. • Adams wanted to stand up to the monarchs of Europe.

5. The Monroe Doctrine • United States should act of its own accord instead of still reacting to British actions. • Adams declares that “the American continents are no longer subjects for any new European colonial establishments.” • Monroe adopts this stance as his policy toward Europeans in the western hemisphere: The United States will act if Europe tries to establish any new settlements in the Americas. • United States will not interfere in European affairs on the continent.

6. Building an American Culture • The United States starts to develop its own culture and way of doing things. • Writers, artists, musicians begin to create in a manner that reflects the American experience as opposed to the English, French, Russians, Germans, etc. • Definitely influenced by many Europeans, but they weren’t copying their style. • French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville wrote of limitless energy of Americans in Democracy in America

7. Cultural Movements • Thomas Cole: Hudson River School landscapes of the American countryside.

8. Cultural Movements • Noah Webster: An American Dictionary of the English Language included words never before found in dictionary but distinctly American.

9. Rise of Nationalism • Already know of sectionalism: loyalty to region is more important that loyalty to the whole country. • As the United States created a unique culture, nationalism begins to rise. • Nationalism: the interests of a country are more important than the interests of a particular region or other countries. Pride in one’s country usually considered a major component of nationalism.

10. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism • Which is which? • Pride in the Southeastern Conference • Pride in the US Women’s Gymnastics team • Vinegar-based barbecue is the best. • American hamburgers are made best in America • My country, right or wrong • The War of Northern Aggression

11. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

12. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

13. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

14. Nationalism vs. Sectionalism

15. Joining the Hudson River School Characteristics of Hudson River paintings: • Vast/ Large Landscapes • Humans and nature coexist peacefully • Houses, pastures, people walking • All within the larger context of landscape Take the next 40 minutes to complete YOUR version of a Hudson River Landscape (I don’t expect masterpieces, just your best efforts). This is an individual assignment

16. Government Policy Reflecting Nationalism • Supreme Court: John Marshall, Chief Justice • Remember him from Adams’ midnight appointments? • McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) • Maryland had placed a tax on the Bank of U.S. branch in Baltimore. • State of Maryland sues the federal government after McCulloch, branch manager refuse to pay tax. • Court decides that it can’t do that because bank is a way for the government to fulfill its role under Article I, section 8.

17. Government Policy Reflecting Nationalism • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Rival steam boat companies in New York • Ogden: license from the state; Gibbons: license from the federal government. • Ruled in favor of Gibbons because national law supersedes state law • Both companies were also operating in states bordering New York, and, since trade was occurring between multiple states, the federal government was the party responsible • Marshall declared that only the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce

18. Henry Clay and the American System • Henry Clay, Speaker of House • Remember him for pressuring Madison to ask for a declaration of war against Great Britain? • Put forth laws and policies to try to unite the country and reduce the amount of sectionalism • Tariffs to protect U.S. industry • Sale of government lands to raise funds • Maintain the national bank • Series of federally-funded infrastructure projects (roads, canals, bridges, etc.) • Not much actually passed as a comprehensive package, but tariffs and bank maintenance did. • Plans show the feeling Clay had towards sectionalism (didn’t think it had a place in the growing U.S.)

19. Nationalism in Foreign Policy • Already mentioned the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine • Monroe’s presidency is referred to as the “Era of Good Feelings” • 1817-1825 • Growing economy, nationalism, and optimism

20. Nationalism in Foreign Policy • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818) • Britain: Complete disarmament along the eastern borders with Canada • Border between the countries is at the 49th parallel • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain: United States gets Florida • Establishes western boundary of Louisiana with the western Spanish territories.

21. Nationalism in Foreign Policy • As Secretary of State, Adams also managed the following: • Spain and Russia give up claims on Oregon and American northwest. • Further define borders • Britain allows unimpeded travel of Americans to Oregon through parts of western Canada. • See map on page 242

22. Missouri becomes a state • 22 states in the United States at the time of Missouri territory’s application • Half of the states were “slave states” • 1 of 6 Missourians was a slave • This caused a bit of a problem: admitting another slave state to the Union would tilt the balance of slave state representatives in Congress away from a balance and in the slave states’ favor. • Entire problem foreshadows how slavery and sectionalism are still an issue

23. Missouri becomes a state • What to do: Compromise! • The Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Missouri becomes a state as a slave state • Maine becomes a state as a free state • No slavery in northern parts of the Louisiana Purchase • Balance is preserved and no one has an advantage over the other

24. Quick Review • What did the Monroe Doctrine say? • List two ways that Americans created a unique culture in the early 19th century. • The problem of admitting Missouri as a slave state shed light on continued problems with which -ism: sectionalism or nationalism?

25. Quick Review Answers • What did the Monroe Doctrine say? • No new European colonies in Western hemisphere • U.S. would stay out of European affairs on continent • List two ways that Americans created a unique culture in the early 19th century. • Thomas Cole: Hudson River School • Noah Webster: Dictionary • The problem of admitting Missouri as a slave state shed light on continued problems with which -ism: sectionalism or nationalism? • Sectionalism • Nationalism

26. Key Words/People to Know: Section 2: Democratic Party, Jacksonian Democracy, spoils system, Indian Removal Act, Worcester v. Georgia, Trail of Tears, Second Bank of the United States, states’ rights, John C. Calhoun, secede, nullification crisis

27. Election of 1825 • “corrupt bargain’ • Jackson wins popular, John Quincy Adams wins electoral, Clay and House selects Adams over Jackson • Clay immediately named Secretary of State • Jackson cries foul, believes secret deal involved, break away from Democratic-Republicans and founds Democratic Party • Remainder of party becomes National Republican party

28. Election of 1828 • Adams not popular with people, so not much support (scandal and attack from Jackson) • Jackson a war hero from War of 1812 • Battle of New Orleans • Property no longer needed in order to vote, so poorer, non-landowners able to vote for the common name • Gaining the support of the common man for a candidate came to be known as JacksonianDemocracy

29. Second Bank of the United States • Jackson not a fan of the BUS in first place – strict constructionist – “I will kill it” • 1816 – BUS was given a 20-year charter • Clay and Daniel Webster introduce bill reauthorizing BUS • Clay challenges for presidency with BUS as a major campaign issue, loses to Jackson • Jackson takes money out and puts in state banks loyal to him

30. States’ Rights • Been an issue since ratification of Constitution • Brought up once again during BUS fight • Stems from 10th amendment • More power to states, powers “not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States” are for the states • Tariff against British goods: good for northern business men, South doesn’t like because it forces them to buy more expensive northern goods • Tariff helped drive a wedge between Jackson and John C. Calhoun • 1828 version called Tariff of Abominations

31. Nullification returns • Nullification –originally put forth by Jefferson and Madison– returns • Southern states view the tariffs as oppressive to their way of life, feel they should be able to get rid of them if conflict with best interests • Hayne-Webster debate: Robert Hayne (SC) and Daniel Webster (MA) debate in the Senate • Collection of states with agreement (Hayne) and One nation, not agreement of states (Webster) • “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable.” Webster made famous over night by these words

32. Tariff of 1832/ Nullification Crisis • Congress passes Tariff of 1832, South Carolina declares it null and void, refuses to collect, threatens to secede, or leave, the country • Calhoun resigns vice presidency to go to Senate as SC senator • Jackson declared nullification against the law • Congress passes Force Bill • Allows Jackson ability to use force to collect tariff from SC • SC declares null and void, as well • Last minute: Clay brings both sides to table, compromise struck to lower tariffs gradually over 10 years • Still not over, as these idea cause major problems over the next 25 years

33. The Indian Removal Act Jackson gets Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830 • “Five civilized tribes”: Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole • Southeastern tribes with land coveted by white farmers • Move to Indian Territory, west of Mississippi • Chickasaw, Creek, and Choctaw forced to move (25% of Choctaw and Creek die on trek) • Seminole fight back and move into Florida swamps • Cherokee fight in court

34. Worcester vs. Georgia • Cherokee tries to have early case as foreign country, Marshall refuses to hear. • Marshall eventually hears, sides with Cherokee, denies the right of Georgia to take land • Jackson: “John Marshall has made his decision - now let him enforce it.” • U.S. Army forces them to leave, 25% die on march to Oklahoma • Known as the Trail of Tears

35. The Second Great Awakening and Reform movements • The North embraces religion • Preachers like Charles Finney lead the masses • Mostly Protestant, through hard work they felt they could create heaven on earth. • Twice as many Americans at church in 1850 than when the country was founded • This resurgence of religion leads to reform movements

36. Match the Movement • Create communities free of social problems • Knowledge found through reason, observation, intuition, and personal experience • Reduce alcohol use • Highly-organized approach to education • Humane treatment of mentally ill and criminals • Common-school movement • Temperance movement • Prison reform • Utopianism • Transcendentalism

37. Temperance:What is the point of the cartoon?

38. Chapter 8, Section 3 (p. 280)Seneca Falls and Women On your own, read the section and answer the following questions: • What limits were placed on women’s lives in the early 1800s? • What role did women play in the movements of the Reform Era? • Why was the Seneca Falls Convention important? You have 20 minutes.

39. Reformers and their Movements: Using your phones, devices, or the book, match the person to their movement. You and a partner have 10 minutes. • Dorothea Dix • Horace Mann • Lucretia Mott • Frederick Douglass • Robert Owen • Henry David Thoreau • Abolition • Transcendentalism • Women's Rights • Utopianism • School reform • Prison reform/ asylum reform

40. Declaration of Sentiments Read the excerpt from the Declaration of Sentiments on page 282. 1. What are the similarities between the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Sentiments? 2. What are the differences? 3. How did women at the Seneca Falls Convention want to change the role of women in the United States? You have 15 minutes to answer.

41. Immigrants in the United States:

42. Another Look: Immigration to the United States

43. Nativism

44. How does this depict feelings of nativism in the 1850s? What groups are targeted by the cartoonist?

45. Slave Life Read the story from John W. Fields on page 284. 1. Why would slave owners keep their slaves from learning to read or write? 2. Why was it that Fields says he didn’t know anything but tobacco, slaves, and whiskey were sold? 3. What was the penalty for teaching a slave?

46. Slave life and the Anti-Slave Movement Working with a partner, use your device or read pages 285-289 to answer: • Who were Nat Turner and Frederick Douglass, and what did they have in common? • How did the Underground Railroad work? • What were the ties between religion and abolition? • How did supporters of slavery feel about and work against abolitionists? • What was The North Star? • Who was William Lloyd Garrison and what was his publication called? You have 20Minutes.

47. Key People/ Terms to Know Section 1: manifest destiny, entrepreneur, Santa Fe Trail, Oregon Trail,Mormon Trail, James K. Polk, gold rush, California Trail, Butterfield Trail, Pony Express Section 2: mission system, Moses Austin, Stephen F. Austin, empresarios, Tejanos, Antonio López de Santa Anna, Texas Revolution, Sam Houston, Alamo, William Travis, Republic of Texas Section 3: John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Mexican-American War, Stephen Kearney, Republic of California, Bear Flag Revolt, Winfield Scott, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican Cession

48. Go West, Young Man • Why did people go to the West? • Trappers  furs • Missionaries  to convert Natives to Christianity, establish settlements for Spain • Lumberjacks and Miners  exploit natural resources • Poor farmers  start over • Entrepreneurs  to fulfill business needs of the pioneers • Mormons  to establish settlements of like-minded individuals

49. There’s Gold in them hills! • Polk announces in State of the Union that the California mines are extensive • Sets off the Gold rush of 1849 • Americans catch “gold fever” • Follow California trail • Set up towns and cities in NorCal • These people are known as forty-niners • This is where NFL team gets its name • California becomes 31st state in 1850

50. 54-40 or fight! • Lots of Americans now in the West, many in modern day Oregon in the Willamette Valley • James K. Polk runs for President on ability to expand the Oregon country to include what the British held claims to. • Campaign Slogan: “Fifty-four Forty or fight!” • Elected, but then backed off of pledge of war with Great Britain, settles for the 49th Parallel in the Oregon Treaty (modern boundary)