Final Review

1. Final Review Ms. Wall 2014

2. What does tension create? A normal fault • Why didn’t people believe Alfred Wenger’s theory? He could not explain the motion of the plates • How would you describe our inner core? Solid metal (iron and nickel) • How and When was the Appalachian Mountains created? continental-continental convergence 225mya • Where is the San Andréa's fault and how was it created? Southern California, transform plate boundary

3. Where was the largest earthquake in the world? Chile, 1960 • Which earthquake scale measures only the largest wave? Richter Scale • What is Isostasy? The balance between the earth’s crust and mantle has the continental curst loses mass and oceanic gains mass • How and when were the Himalayan Mountains created? Continental-continental convergence 65 mya • How do Love Waves move? side to side motion • How would you describe the eruptions of Hawaii? Calm, quiet eruptions with only lava flows • How was the Ring of Fire created? Through the subduction of the Pacific Plate

4. DRAW the three types of convergent boundaries AND list what is created at each. Provide Examples! • Describe the processes that occur along Mid Ocean Ridges as well as what is created. Plates are spreading, new land is being formed • How are the coastlines of the Eastern and Western coasts of the US different? Oceanic-Oceanic Forms Island Arcs Continental-Continental Forms Mountains Continental-Oceanic Forms land volcanoes Fiji Mt. Saint Helens Himalayans East coast has flat rolling shores due to its divergent plate boundary West coast has many sea cliffs due the subduction of the pacific plate

5. Tectonicmovement fire Footwall • What is the cause of most earthquakes on earth? • During the quake in San Francisco in 1906, the major cause of damage was a _______________. • Layer of rock wider at the base is called the ______________? • Name the fault below as well as the STRESS (red boxes) applied to each: • Compare and contrast the recent earthquakes in Haiti and Chile. Be specific. Haiti- only 7.0, destruction cause by poor structures, over crowded and poor community for rescue, as well as occurred in a major city. Chile 8.8, has had earthquake in past and more prepared. Also occurred in farm and smaller towns Compression Tension Normal Reverse Shearing Compression Thrust Strike-slip

6. Where and when was the largest earthquake in US history? Alaska, 1964 • Where and when was the largest earthquake in the world? Chile, 1960 • What was the largest cause of deaths from the 2004 earthquake in the Indian Ocean? • Although the San Andreas Fault is also plate boundary, the stresses applied are from shearing making it also a __________________________ fault. • What is an upward fold in rock layers? • What type of fault is the result of one rock layer sliding over another at a low angle? • Rayleigh waves are an example of _______________ waves. • Which type of stress pulls and twists the rocks layer is two opposite direction? Shearing tsunami Strike-slip anticline Thrustfault surface

7. Diagram Discussion: • Landforms Created? • Oldest and youngest? • Land formed or destroyed? • Density?

8. What famous eruption released 15-30 million tons of sulfur dioxide, dropping the worldwide temperature 0.5°? Pinatubo • Which volcanic eruption killed over 36,000 people? Krakatau • What is the composition of volcanic ash? rocks, minerals and volcanic glass • Which volcanic eruption created a 100ft tsunami? Krakatau • Describe the last supervolcano eruption on Earth? When was it? It was Toba, 75,000 years ago in Sumatra (Malaysia), caused 100 years of darkness, it was 10,000 more explosive than Mount Saint Helens, killed 2/3 of life on earth and cause global temperature to drop 21° • What type of volcano is Olympus Mons? Shield • Which volcanic eruption created a 100 foot tsunami? Krakatua

9. What is the difference between the lithosphere and asthenosphere? The lithosphere is solid and lies on top of the asthenosphere which is part crust and part magma • What is uniformitarianism? The theory the geologic processes that happened in the past are most likely occurring today • What caused most of the 800 deaths with the eruption of Pinatubo? • Which type of lava has a higher viscosity? • How do tsunamis move? Like a wall of water, not like a curved surfers wave 6. What is the difference between erosion and weathering? Erosion moves sediment, weathering wears down rock into smaller or rounded pieces. Volcanic Ash Aa, resists flow

10. What are the “spheres”/Earth’s systems of the Earth? • Hydrosphere- water (all oceans and freshwater as well as in the air) • Ecosphere- cycling minerals and elements (including Oxygen) • Atmosphere-the gases that surround the earth • Biosphere- all living things (plants, animals, bacteria…) • Geosphere- The earths surface and interior) • Anthrosphere- humans • How are they important • Hydrosphere- the biosphere needs water to survive • Ecosphere- animals need O2 and Plants need N, Ph and CO2 • Atmosphere- provides magnetosphere, O2, CO2, Ozone Layer] • Biosphere- provides O2 from plants, decomposes dead things and provides our food! • Geosphere- cores created Magnetosphere, Hornblende and volcanoes created water • Anthrosphere- needs all of the above and is destroying all of the above • How has the Anthrosphere impacted or destroyed each; examples?

11. Capillary action • What is the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the water molecules of surrounding materials? • Approximately what percentage of the Earth’s surface is Freshwater? 3% freshwater only .001% drinkable • What are the spaces between rocks where water moves easily underground called? Aquifer • In the following food chain, which animal would have the highest amount of Mercury in its blood; algae, small fish, small mammals, or Florida Panther that eats large fish? Florida Panther (biomagnification) • What are some unique qualities of water? released by heating of hornblende, found in all 3 phases, needed for all life, polar, solvent… • What happens to water when it freezes? It because less dense because the bond changes from cubic (liquid) to hexagonal (frozen) • When salt is added to water, the density _________________. • What is the amount of dissolved minerals in water and how can it be tested easily? hardness- suds test or dip strip test increases

12. Hydrogen is positive Surface tension • What is the charge of H in water: • Tightness across the surface of water that is caused by polar molecules pulling on each other is called: • What is the toxic greenhouse gas that is given off from decaying waste and cattle production that has increased by 400% in 200years? • Coal mining creates increased acidity and orange precipitate called: • Over the past 200 years, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has: • Chlorine atoms from CFC’s in the stratosphere break down: • The main source of ocean pollution is: • Bleach as a pH of: Methane Acid Mine Drainage Increased steadily, causing temperature to increase as well Ozone 44% Runoff land 14

13. Pesticides Sulfur dioxide, acid rain • Chemicals that are used to kill or deflect insects, fungus and bacteria are known as: • What is the main gas released from burning coal, 50% of US electricity and what does it cause? • The biggest impact of global warming has been observed in: • The main greenhouse gases include: • Deforestation causes _______________ of the soil. • Largest oil spill on earth released 520 million gallons of oil in ________________________. • 80% of the trash is the ocean is ____________________________. • The waste water that is composed of detergents, soaps and other sources of toxic chemicals from cruise ships is referred to as: Poles and icecaps, arctic has increased in 14° in 35 years Carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide and water vapor desertification Kuwait in 1991 Plastic Trash Grey water (sewage is black water)

14. The air, CO2 and Hg Texas • 33% of ocean pollution comes from: • The Pacific Trash Heap of floating plastic trash is approximately twice the size of: • The most recent oil spill in the United States occurred where? The Gulf of Mexico • The two main acids given off from factories and cars that cause acid rain and smog? • The toxic pesticide that is now banned from the United States is: DDT • The amount of suspended material in water is called: • What was the major oil spill that killed over 250,000 seabirds? Exxon Valdez in 1989 • Runoff from land into our streams, rivers and oceans is caused by runoff into ______________________. Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide Turbidity Storm drains (not SEWERS)

15. Do Now: Complete the table below: Environmental IssuePollutant/Chemical Source of Chemical/ Responsible Pollutant Farms, Runoff, Sewage, yard sprays, car washing Nitrates and Phosphates 1. Eutrophication Aerosols and refrigerants 2. Ozone Depletion CFC’s Burning coal and cars Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide 3. Acid Rain Burning of fossil fuels, landfills and cattle & cows Carbon Dioxide and Methane 4. Global Warming 5. Ocean Acidification Carbon (Carbon Sink) Burning of fossil fuels Burning of coal (electricity) Mercury 6. Biomagnification Coal Mines’ Runoff Pyrite (iron) 7. Acid Mine Drainage