1. Chapter 10 Preparing and Administering Medications

2. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.1

3. Learning Objectives • Compare dosage forms for drugs given by the enteral route • Outline procedures for giving medications enterally, parenterally, and percutaneously • List processes to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other blood-borne pathogens

4. Enteral Medications • Medications given directly into the GI tract • Oral; Box 10-1 Oral Medication Forms • Nasogastric or PEG • Rectal

5. Oral Administration • Asepsis • Steps to administer: Procedure 10-1 • Getting ready • Preparing the medication • Administering the medication

6. Oral Administration (cont.)  • Solid form • Liquids

7. Nasogastric Administration • Appropriate patients • PEG tube • Medication forms: • Liquids • Pills: crushed, add water

8. Procedure for Administering Nasogastric Medications • Aspirate stomach contents • Listen for gurgling sounds in the stomach • Listen for breath sounds • Put medication into the tubing • Instill medications via gravity • Add water to tube following medication administration

9. Rectal Administration • Getting Ready • Preparing the medication • Administering the medication • Concluding

10. Parenteral Medications • “Into the skin” • Routes • Reasons for parenteral administration

11. Standard Precautions • Protect health care workers • Centers for Disease Control (CDC) • Sharps container for disposal of needles

12. Parenteral Administration • “Into the skin” • Routes for administration • Parenteral rationale/Advantages • Disadvantages • Costs

13. Basic Equipment • Syringes: Figure 10-2 • Types of syringes: Figure 10-3 • Volume of medication: mL or m

14. Parts of a Syringe

15. Needles • Needles: gauge • Hub • Specialized needles • Guide for needle selection: Table 10-1 • Needleless system: Figure 10-6

16. Parts of the needle

17. Needles: Gauges

18. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.2

19. Learning Objectives • Outline procedures for giving medications enterally, parenterally, and percutaneously • Identify anatomy landmarks used for giving parenteral medications

20. Procedure for Preparing and Administering Parenteral Medications • Procedure for medication administration: Procedure 10-3 • Determine sight for administration • Use of equipment • Package • Medication characteristics

21. Forms of Parenteral Medications • Vials: Figure 10-7 • Ampules: Figure 10-8 • Mix-O-Vial: Figure 10-9 • Single or Multidose vials

22. Vial

23. Ampules

24. Forms of Parenteral Medications (cont.) • Combining drugs in one syringe • Mixing insulin • Prefilled syringes • IV solutions • Secondary or “piggyback”

25. Administering Intradermal Injections • Uses • Skin anatomy and needle angle: Figure 10-12 • Bleb • Equipment and technique

26. Intradermal Injections

27. Administering Subcutaneous Medications • 2 mL into the loose connective tissue • Slow onset, longer duration • Placement: Figure 10-14 • Sites: Figure 10-15 • Technique

28. Subcutaneous Injections

29. Administering Intramuscular Medications • Location • Absorption • Equipment • Sites: Box 10-3 • Technique

30. Intramuscular Injections

31. Administering Intravenous Medications • Onset and absorption • Dosing and scheduling considerations • Equipment • Sites: Figures 10-18 (adult) and 10-19 (children) • Venipuncture and intravenous infusion • Procedure 10-4

32. Intravenous sites in adults

33. Intravenous sites in children

34. Modifications in Technique for Specific Situations • Adding medication by syringe to an infusion • Adding medication to a plastic bag or an IV bottle • Adding medication to a volume control • Adding medication by piggyback infusion • Administration of medication when there is only an intermittent infusion device

35. Intravenous Infusion Rates • Monitoring infusion rates • Calculating infusion rates • Infusion pumps; syringe infusion pumps • Infusion controllers and volumetric pumps • Implantable pumps • Venous access device • Common problems with intravenous infusions

36. Percutaneous Medications • Absorption: mucous membranes or the skin • Absorption and application • Inhalation

37. Percutaneous Administration • Factors affecting transdermal application • Skin Condition • Methods of Administration

38. Procedures for Administering Percutaneous Medications • Applied to the area requiring treatment • Common Forms: Box 10-4

39. Administering Topical Medications • Clean skin before application • Gloves • Lotions • Ointments • Excess medication • Dressings • Patient Education – Home Care

40. Administering Medications to Mucous Membranes • Absorption • Sublingual • Buccal • Vaginal • Ear drops: child and adult • Eye • Nose • Respiratory