The Glorious Revolution

1. The Glorious Revolution The American Revolution The French Revolution World History Standard 10.2

2. The Glorious Revolution World History Standard 10.2 – Pre-Lecture Test Questions Why did the Catholic Church and the nobles of England write the Great Charter known as the Magna Carta? In what ways were powers of King John I limited? Why did Henry VIII issue the Act of Supremacy? How did James I and Charles I of the Stuart family anger Parliament? Describe life for the English people under Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth? How did the Glorious Revolution abolish the Divine Right of Kings theory in England? How did the Glorious Revolution and John Locke influence the American Revolution?

3. In 1215, English nobles forced King John I to sign the Magna Carta. Magna Carta is Latin for Great Charter. The Magna Carta required King John of England to acknowledge the rights of his subjects and certain legal procedures. It forced John I to accept that his actions could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected the rights of the King's subjects, whether free or imprisoned. It most notably gave us the writ of habeas corpus, which is the name of a legal action, or writ, that allows a person to seek relief from unlawful detention of himself or another person. Historically, this writ been an important instrument for the safeguarding of individual freedom.

4. Magna Carta was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today. Magna Carta influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents, such as the United States Constitution. Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by the kingdom's noblemen in an attempt to limit his powers by law.

5. Most European countries were ruled by absolute monarchs that believed in the Divine rights of kings – a theory that held that kings were not accountable to citizens, but rather they only had to answer to God. The idea of guaranteed rights started a tradition in England. English monarchs realized that having the support of Parliament – the body of noblemen and wealthy commoners who claimed to represent the nation – was an advantage. Between 1485 ad 1603, England was ruled by the Tudor family, which included King Henry VIII and his daughter, Elizabeth I. Both Henry and Elizabeth regularly consulted Parliament, especially regarding religious matters.

6. In the 1530’s, Henry VIII set England at odds with the Catholic Church when he sought permission from the pope to divorce his first wife Catherine • The Pope denied his request, so Henry proceeded without the Pope’s approval • The Pope responded by excommunicating Henry King Henry VIII of England

7. Henry VIII was not to be out done, so he further incensed the Roman Catholic Church in 1534, when he convinced Parliament to pass the Supremacy Act. This made Henry the head of the Church of England. This new church was called the Anglican Church. The church lands were seized and given to members of Parliament. This officially broke England’s ties with Roman Catholic Church and launched an English Protestant Reformation that resulted in conflicts between the Catholics and the Protestants.

8. Henry VIII had two daughters that would rule as Queen of England after his death – One was Catholic, the other Protestant. When Elizabeth I the Protestant daughter of Henry ascended to the throne in 1558, Protestantism became the dominant religion of England, but it strained relations with their Catholic ally, Spain. Under Elizabeth England became a powerful Protestant state. She supported a moderate Protestantism to avoid a bloody religious war. Queen Elizabeth I of England When Elizabeth died without leaving an heir to the throne, her cousin James I from the House of Stuarts, took over the throne. Both James I and his son Charles I tried to reestablish an absolute monarchy, so both operated the government without ever consulting Parliament.

9. In 1660, King Charles II was just as disliked as his father Charles I. He was distrusted by the Parliament because he never consulted them. He further incensed the English Protestants by favoring alliances with the Catholic powers of Europe. A parliamentary group, the Whigs, tried to ensure a Protestant successor by excluding James (son of Charles II), duke of York, from the throne, but they were unsuccessful. After James became King James II in 1685, his overt Catholicism and the birth of a Catholic son who would succeed him to the throne, united the Whigs of Parliament in common opposition to his reign.

10. A few members of the Parliament made a secret plan to overthrow King James II and replace him with his daughter Mary and her husband, William Henry of Orange — both Protestants and both grandchildren of Charles I of England. When William and Mary landed in Devonshire with an army, James’s forces, and their leadership, deserted him, and James fled to France (Dec., 1688). With so little bloodshed, the Glorious Revolution is also known as the Bloodless Revolution. The deposition of the Roman Catholic James II ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England.

11. In early 1689 William and Mary accepted the invitation of Parliament to rule as joint sovereigns. However, the throne came along with the Declaration of Rights and the Bill of Rights (1689). • These two documents redefined the relationship between monarch and subjects and barred any future Catholic succession to the throne. • The royal power was now limited: • The king could no longer get rid of laws he didn’t like • The crown was forbidden to levy taxation or • maintain a standing army in peacetime without parliamentary consent. • These events were a milestone in the gradual process by which practical power shifted from the monarch to Parliament. King William III

12. The Toleration Act of 1689 – this act gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship. However, by removing one king and establishing another, Parliament destroyed the divine rights of kings theory. Field Amor of King Henry VIII

13. The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment refers to the historical intellectual movement in European philosophy during 18th century. Prominent Enlightenment philosophers questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both Church and State. • The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful traditions, irrationality, superstition, and tyranny • They believed these things began during a historical period they called the "Dark Ages." • The Enlightenment movement provided a framework for the American and the French Revolutions, as well as leading to the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism.

14. The American way of life is in many respects, the result of the American system of government, which resulted from many struggles against nature, England, and ourselves. In order to fully understand this system and American values, we must trace its roots back to our nation’s beginnings when Americans developed a political philosophy about how people should be governed.

15. English political philosopher • According to Hobbes, people form peaceful societies by entering into a social contract. • People voluntarily surrender just enough of their natural rights to the government to establish peace, order, security and a safe society. • In return for the above, Hobbes believed that the people owed their absolute loyalty to the government. Thomas Hobbes 1588 - 1679

16. French political philosopher • Montesquieu was the first political philosopher to suggest dividing the powers of the government into three separate parts (separation of powers): • the legislative • the executive and • the judiciary • These powers were divided in such a way that each would have a power over the other. • This was radical because it completely eliminated the clergy (church) from the government – separation of church and state. • Montesquieu's thoughts were a powerful influence on many of the American Founders, most notably James Madison. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu 1689 - 1755

17. Seizing a historic opportunity to reshape the Supreme Court, President Bush swiftly chose conservative John Roberts as chief justice when he got the chance. This move pushed the nation's highest court to the right on issues from abortion to affirmative action. For the record, Roberts supports prayer in public schools, national identification cards and wants to shorten death penalty appeals. He advocates broad power for the White House and indirectly discouraged state efforts to combat discrimination against women. Roberts' appointment has raised fear among Democrats about a very conservative rightwing government.

19. Rousseau saw a fundamental divide between society and human nature. Rousseau believed that man was good by nature, but corrupted by society. • According to Rousseau, by joining together through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. • Submission to the authority of the general will of the people guarantees individuals freedom and also ensures that people obey the laws because they are, collectively, the authors of the law. • Rousseau believed that power should be in the hands of the people and that the main duty of the government is to enforce the general will of the people. • The government’s job is to maintain the people’s individual freedoms in a civilized society. • Rousseau's political ideas influenced the American & French Revolutions, the development of communist and socialist theories, and the growth of nationalism. Franco-Swiss political philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712 – 1778

20. There’s no legitimate government under the divine right of kings theory. A legitimate government must rests on the popular consent of the governed. • The purpose of government was to protect the natural rights of its citizens. Locke said that natural rights were life, liberty and property, and that all people automatically inherited these rights the moment they were born. • His remarks concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Thomas Jefferson and other Founding Fathers of the United States. • In particular, the Declaration of Independence drew upon many of the political ideas from the works of both Locke and Montesquieu. • According to Locke rebellion is permissible when a government betrays the ends for which it is established - the protection of life, liberty, and property. This was the philosophical basis of both the American, and the French Revolutions. English political philosopher John Locke 1632-1704

21. The Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact On Sept. 6, 1620, the Mayflower, a sailing vessel of about 180 tons, started her memorable voyage from Plymouth, England, with about 100 pilgrims aboard, bound for North America to establish a private permanent colony. • The Pilgrims arrived at what is now Provincetown, Mass., on Nov. 21, 1620. as the boat lay at anchor in Cape Cod harbor 41 of the 44 male passengers signed the famous “Mayflower Compact” • The compact created the first American settlement based upon a social contract. After signing the compact a small detail of the pilgrims assigned to select a place for permanent settlement, landed at Plymouth (Rock), Mass. The compact remained the basis of government in Plymouth for ten years, and all later governments in the colony developed out of the compact.

22. By 1732, all 13 colonies had been established and each had its own political documents and constitutions, but all had their roots in the political ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. By the time the colonies declared their independence from England in 1776, each colony had its own representative government, and most had been operating for over 100 years!

23. The French Revolution Both the French Revolution and the beginning of the United States as a nation happen in 1789. The French Revolution had been slowly brewing for years because of the inequality of the feudal (estates) system.

24. France had a caste system that was divided up into three estates; an estate is a social group. • First Estate – Clergy • Second Estate – Nobles • Third Estate – everyone else (Bourgeoisie and Peasants) If we look at the breakdown of their population we can see the unequal distribution of the wealth. First Estate - .5 % of the population. Second Estate – 1.5 % of the population. Third Estate – 98% of the population! The Have Nots – 98% of the population The Haves – 2% of the population

25. The Second Estate The First Estate The nobility held many of the leading positions in the state and had many privileges. The clergy were exempt from paying the taille (France’s tax).

26. Problems for the Bourgeoisie (the Middle Class) They made up about 8% of the population – they were teachers, merchants and professionals. Many were the educated professionals – denied top government jobs because they were not of noble status. They disliked the monarchy and nobles and were unhappy about the privileges given to them. They were influenced by the Enlightenment and wanted to end the strict social system.

27. Problems of the Third Estate The Peasants (poor farmers): Paid the taille (tax) while members of the first and second estates did not. Performed duties for the nobles who owned the land they lived on. Paid a fee to grind their flour or press their grapes. Had to work during the harvest time on the noble’s crops.

28. So what set off the Revolution? The worst winter in nearly 100 years led to a bad harvest in the years right before the revolution left thousands of peasants starving. Increase in goods left many members of the Third Estate unable to pay for even the little things – like bread. Louis XVI spent large sums of money to pay for court luxuries and the American Revolution. His wife Marie Antoinette was also famous for her wild spending and extravagance. Meanwhile, nearly a third of the French people were starving. The idea of revolution was swirling in the air

29. The direct causes of the French Revolution were • massive financial problems caused by France's enormous debt, • the lack of food and the outrageous prices for bread, • the desire to imitate the American Revolution, • the government's lavish spending, and • An unequal system of taxation that heavily taxed the Third Estate while ignoring the First & Second Estates

30. The Tennis Court Oath To solve the financial crisis, Louis XVI called the Estates-General. First Estate 300 votes Second Estate 300 votes Third Estate 600 votes The Tennis Court Oath was a pivotal event during the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate during a meeting of the Estates-General of 20 June 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles. At the indoor tennis court the delegates made a solemn collective oath "never to separate and to meet until the constitution of the kingdom is established.

31. Storming of the Bastille The first major event of the French revolution had been the revolt of the nobility, refusing to aid King Louis XVI through the payment of taxes. The second major event was the Third Estate declaring themselves the National Assembly and setting out to write a constitution. The Storming of the Bastille was the third major event in the French Revolution.

32. The National Assembly • Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. • Declared that all men were equal before the law. • Appointment to offices should be based on talent, not on social class. • All citizens could participate in government. • Freedom of speech and the press