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The Hemopoietic system. The system that forms the cells of blood is known as hemopoietic systems. Main components of hemopoietic system are: blood Bone marrow Lymph nodes and
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The Hemopoietic system The system that forms the cells of blood is known as hemopoietic systems. Main componentsof hemopoietic system are: blood Bone marrow Lymph nodes and (Lymph nodes:Small round or bean shaped masses of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Located in various places of body. It filter lymphatic fluid and store special cell that can trap cancer cells or bacteria. ) (iv) thymus (A Lymphoid organ) Accessory organs of hemopoietic system : (i) Spleen (ii)Liver and (iii) Kidney.
Anemia: • Anemia is defined as the reduced concentration of hemoglobin in blood. The commonest cause is blood loss related to menstruation and child bearing.
Types of anemia: • 1. Hypochromic microcytic anemia- small red cells with low hemoglobin; caused by iron deficiency. • 2. Macrocytic anemia- large red cells, few in number. May be megaloblastic anemia • 3. Normochromic normocytic anemia- Fewer normal sized red cells, each with normal hemoglobin content. • 4. Mixed pictures :There are some mixed picture also
Causes of anemia: • 1. Deficiency of nutrients necessary for hemopoiesis (Formation of blood) most importantly - iron, Folic acid and vit B12 , pyridoxin, vit-c, etc • 2. Depression of bone marrow, caused by - toxins - radiation therapy - diseases of bone marrow of unknown origin - reduced production of erythropoietin (RBC) • 3. Excessive destruction of RBC (Hemolytic anemia), this has many causes including -hemoglobinopathies (such as sickle cell anemia ) -adverse reaction to drugs and -inappropriate immune reactions.
Symptoms and signs of anemia: The sign symptoms of anemia are as follows: • Fatigue, • Faintness, • Headache, • Palpitations, • Angina of efforts, • Pallor, • Tachycardia (Rapid heart rate) • Systolic flow murmur, • cardiac failure, • Jaundice etc.
Hematinics : • Defination: Agents that are used in the treatment of anemia to increase the number of RBC or hemoglobin content of RBC or both to normal level when there is deficiency. • Important hematinics are: (i) Iron (ii) Vit. B12 (iii) Folic acid
Classification of hematinics (According to diseases) • A) Drugs used in iron deficiency anemia: i) Iron preparation: They are two types a) Oral prep. i) Ferrous sulphate(200-600 mg/day) (20% elemental iron) ii) Ferrous gluconate (300-1200 mg/day)(12% elemental iron) iii) Ferrous fumerate(200-600 mg/day) (33% elemental iron) iv) Ferrous succinate v) Ferrous cholinaccetate vi) Ferrous Carbonate vii) Ferric ammonium citrate b) Parenteral preparation: i) Iron dextran complex (1.5mg/Kg/day) ii) Iron sorbitol (1.5mg/Kg/day) iii) Dextroferon ii) Copper, Cobalt, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin • B. Drugs used in megaloblastic anaemia: 1. Vit B12 (cyanocobalamine) 2. Folic Acid 3. Vit C
Structure of hemoglobin and the basis of oxygen transfer: Hemoglobin is made up of four protein chain subunits globins, each of which contains one haem moiety. Haem consists of tetrapyrrole porphyring ring containing ferrous (Fe2+). The iron complexes molecular oxygen by utilizing a vacant orbital which can be used by a pair of non bonding electron from oxygen. Here iron picks up or donates electrons. This reversible binding is the basis of oxygen transport.
Site and process of iron absorption: • Site of absorption: The site of iron absorption is the duodenum and upper jejunum • Absorption Process:Absorption is a two stage process involving 1st rapid uptake across the brush boarder and then transfer into the plasma from the interior of the epithelial cells.
How ascorbic acid stimulate iron absorption. • ** Ascorbic acid stimulates iron absorption partly by forming soluble iron ascorbate chelates and partly by reducing ferric iron to more soluble ferrous form.
Sources of irons: Sources are as follows: 1. > 5 mg / 100 gm of food (*) Liver (**) Heart * Egg Yolk, beans, 2. = 1.5 mg / 100 gm - Muscles, - meats, - fish, - fowls, - green vegetables and - cereals 3. <1mg/ 100 gm of food Milk and milk-products, Non-green vegetables.
Daily requirement and loss of iron: • Daily requirements of iron Children: 10 - 15 mg Adult male: 5 - 10 mg Adult Female: 15 - 18 mg Pregnancy: 30 - 60 mg Lactating mother: 30-60 mg • Iron Loss:Mainly by desquamation from gut & skin Loss per d ay 0.5 - 1.0 mg Menstrual Loss: 13.5 mg/ period Pregnant women = 500 mg / full term pregnancy