OGT III

1. OGT III Practice Test

2. 29. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was partly the result of the expansion of the Soviet Union in Central and Eastern Europe as World War II ended. • Describe one U.S. concern about the Soviet Union’s domination of Central and Eastern Europe after 1945. • Cite a relevant action taken by the United States in response to the identified concern.

3. Exemplar: The United States was concerned that the Soviet Union intended to use Central and Eastern Europe as a staging ground for military attacks upon Western European countries. In response, the United States and its allies formed NATO, whose charter stated that an attack upon any NATO member would be considered an attack upon all. Other correct partial responses: • Concern: The U.S. believed it had to stop the further spread of communism. Actions: may include references to containment, Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, creation of NATO, sending troops to Europe. • Concern: The Soviet Union refused to cooperate in the administration of the divided Germany and set up a communist government in the area under their control. It sealed off access to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade). Actions: the Berlin Airlift to keep the Allied-occupied West Berlin supplied, formation of NATO. • Concern: the military capability of the Soviet Union was growing and there was the possibility of aggression by the Soviet Union. Actions: the United States set up NATO as a defensive military alliance, U.S. leadership and military presence in West Germany. • Concern: The Soviet Union was transforming Eastern European countries into Soviet Union-dominated Communist states. Actions: U.S. programs—the Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine to assist in the economic recovery of European countries and to counteract the lure of communist propaganda.

4. 42. Describe the decision-making role of citizens in countries that are dictatorships and in countries that are absolute monarchies. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points)

5. Exemplar In dictatorships and absolute monarchies, citizens have a very limited or no role in decision making. Other correct responses: • Decision making is in the hands of leaders who have no obligation to obtain citizen support. • Government advisors are appointed by the head of state (dictator or monarch) to help make decisions, without the input of citizens. • Citizens may attempt to bring about change through mass protest or revolution. • Citizens who are opposed to government policies or practices risk punishment if they try to bring about change or make their wishes known. • Citizens in dictatorships may be allowed to vote in elections but only for government-approved candidates. Citizens in absolute monarchies generally do not have the franchise.

6. Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the eventual outbreak of World War II. Summarize two provisions of the Versailles Treaty relating to Germany and discuss how each helped lead to World War II. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)

7. Exemplar: One provision of the Versailles Treaty was that Germany had to make extensive reparation payments to the Allies. This contributed to the outbreak of World War II because the reparations were a heavy financial burden that caused Germans to resent the Allied nations. Another provision of the Versailles Treaty was that Germany had to cede the Alsace-Lorraine region to France. This contributed to the outbreak of World War II because many Germans believed these lands belonged to Germany and wanted to take them back. The response may include but is not limited to: Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles: Germany had to: 1 abolish compulsory military service; 2 reduce the size of its army and navy (could not develop air corps); 3 demilitarize all territory on the banks of the Rhine; 4 stop all importation, exportation, and nearly all production of war material; 5 make extensive financial reparations; 6 recognize sovereignty of Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria; 7 return Alsace-Lorraine to France; 8 agree to French occupation of the Saar; 9 accept “war guilt” clause; 10 give up West Prussia; 11 give up overseas colonies.

8. 29. During World War I, conscientious objectors to military service were often accused of disloyalty, and some conscientious objectors were sentenced to prison. However, an attempt was made to balance individual rights and the common good by assigning other conscientious objectors to noncombatant service. • How did assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service help maintain individual rights? • How did assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service help serve the common good?

9. Exemplar: Assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service helped to maintain individual rights because they were not forced to engage in actual fighting, so they were not forced to compromise their personal beliefs. Assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service helped serve the common good because their service contributed to the overall war effort. Other Correct Responses: How assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service helped to maintain individual rights: •Conscientious objectors were not forced to fight, thus they were not forced to compromise their personal beliefs. • Noncombatant service allowed conscientious objectors to remain true to their personal beliefs while also remaining true to their sense of duty to their country. • Other valid responses. How assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service helped serve the common good: • Noncombatant service played an important role in the overall war effort. • By requiring conscientious objectors to perform some sort of service, potential draftees did not see conscientious objection as a means for evading the draft. • The country gained the benefit of their service. By performing noncombatant service, conscientious objectors served the country, and the country did not have to pay the costs of imprisonment.