Ecology

1. Ecology

2. Population Ecology

3. Clumped-individuals in patches uniform- result of antagonistic(hostile interactions) random- unpredictable spacing Dispersion

4. TYPE I - shows low death rates during early and midlife; then the death rate decreases sharply for older groups. TYPE II- shows a constant death rate over the organisms life span. TYPE III- shows very high early death rates early, then a flat rate for the few surviving to older age groups Demography

5. Exponential population growth- growth under ideal conditions • Logistic growth model- per capita rate of increase declines as a carrying capacity is reached • Carrying capacity- maximum population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation Exponential equation- dN/dt=r(max)N Logistic equation- K: dN/dt= r(max)N (K-N)/K Population Growth

6. What is Density independent factors? Examples Of Density independent factors Weather Natural disasters Climate Pollution Seasonal cycle (ex.- monsoons, el Niño, La Nina • things that are unaffected by population size • Damages affect everyone in a population regardless of the size Density Independent Factors

7. a death rate that rises as the population density rises and a birth rate that falls as the population density rises Predation Competition Diseases Density-dependent factors

8. Community Ecology

9. Primary succession- plants and animals gradually invade a region that was virtually lifeless where soil has not yet formed Secondary succession- occurs when an existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact. Ecological Succession

10. Parasitism- symbolic interaction in which the parasite derives its nourishment from its host. Parasites may have a significant effect on the survival, reproduction, and density of their host. Mutualism- interspecific interaction in which both species benefit Commensalism- a process in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed or benefited. Relationships

11. exert control on community structure by their important ecological niches. disappearance would start a domino effect KEYSTONE SPECIES

12. Restoration & Conservation Ecology

13. Primary Consumers - herbivores that eat the primary consumers Secondary Consumers- carnivores that eat the herbivores Tertiary Consumers- carnivores that eat the secondary consumers Decomposers( Detritivores)- consumers that get their energy from nonliving organic material traced through the trophic levels of a food chain and food web Energy cannot be recycled Flow of Energy

14. the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs is known as the Gross Primary Production(GPP) GPP is not the amount of energy available to consumers Primary Production

15. energy is lost at each level of transfer as heat 3 Types of Ecological Pyramids a biomass pyramid an energy pyramid a pyramid of numbers Energy

16. moves nitrogen from the atmosphere through the living world a common limiting factor for plant growth most of earth's nitrogen is in the form of N2 is unusable by plants Nitrogen Cycle

17. is a balance between the amount of CO2 removed from ecosystem by photosynthesis and cellular respiration The burning of fossil fuels adds significant amounts of Co2 to the atmosphere CO2 effects on global warming Carbon Cycle

18. www.biologycorner.com • www.southtexascollege.edu • www.laney.edu • www.nanotechproject.org • www.clas.ufl.edu Resources