Unit 1 contact

1. Unit 1 contact Chapters 1 and 2

2. Big Picture • Eastern and Western Hemispheres unite- creating a global economy • Massive Environmental change from Columbian Exchange (dark side- 90% of Amerindian population destroyed) • Economic Change: Slavery central to early economics of Americas • An American “identity” is created as something unique • Colonial experimentation leads to different political structures than those typically found in Europe

3. Chapter One: Pre Columbian Society

4. Early Mesoamericans • Berengia Ice Bridge: 35,000 bce- 15,000 bce (ish) By 3000 bce there are people throughout North and South American- who have no idea European civilization exists. 2 major areas with settled populations: MesoAmerica and Andes • Went through agricultural revolution about 3000 bce: grow beans, peppers, avocados, squash, maize (corn) and tomatoes. No large domesticated animals- so human labor (often slavery) used for agriculture. Olmec are the earliest civilization 1200 bce

5. Amerindians • New research shows they may have been here as early as 50,000 years ago- possibly from South Asia before Berengia (there weren’t people on Asian side of land bridge that early) • No way of knowing with any accuracy how many people were here when Europeans arrived. Estimates go as high as 100 million (same size as pop of Asia) more realistically around 50 million (same size as pop of Europe)

6. The Maya • Olmecs had disappeared by 100 bce (no one knows why) but aspects of civilization moved on to other groups, esp the Maya of the Yucatan peninsula which existed from around 300 bce– 400 ce. • Interesting note- the need to develop irrigation is often central in very early civilizations (takes organization) for the Maya, it was drainage

7. Aztecs • Also in Mexico- further north in the drier highlands • Teotihuacan built 1st “city” in Western Hemisphere- pyramids of the sun and moon. Destroyed around 750 ce- violently • Then came Toltecs, a regional state eventually displaced by the Mexica, commonly known today as the Aztecs. • Legend of Quetzalcoatl- a snowy god exiled into the east who would someday return. • Tenochtitlan Aztec capital (Mexico City) built on islands in a lake for defense with chinampas (floating fields) for crops. Tribute states- aggressively expansive

8. Andean Civilizations Andes Mountain range in South America (veryinteresting/challenging spot to develop a civilization…) Geographic variety: Mountain, Coast, Jungle. Actually, Americas are unique- we don’t do the whole “river valley” thing (unlike Nile, and Mesopotamia etc…) Chavin were the earliest group in Andes 1200 bce– 100 bce, then Moche who existed until about 750 ce. Built irrigation and terraced farming. No writing

9. Inca • Most important South American state- stretched 2300 miles along the coast. Founded around 1100, Capital Cuzco. • Remarkable for their organization (no writing, used Kipu – knotted cords for record keeping) and their road system. • Mit’a system (required labor) maintained roads and irrigation systems

10. Religious Differences • European Christianity: Bible gave Man dominion over land and animals- therefore men were meant to OWN those things. Bible doesn’t mention Indians…so whom did they belong to? In the mind of a European of the early 1500s, they must belong to the Devil. (Remember, this is the last great age of Inquisition and witch hunting in Europe 100,000 will be put to death in 1500s for “Heresy”- 40,000 in Spain alone)

11. Amerindian RElgion • There were many- so harder to generalize. BUT, most had no concept of Heaven/Hell- there was the real world and the spirit world. Neither was inherently good or bad. Found Christian beliefs confusing, Europeans got very upset at the idea of sacrifices- but they ATE their god at every service- what’s up with that?

12. The people of north America: Settled • Had no major (defining) civilization, there were a variety of different areas and groups. Population anywhere from 4-25 million in North America • No individual land ownership- even in settled societies- land belongs to the community as a whole. Trade every important, as a method of sharing/diplomacy, not as a profit exercise. (that’s why they are willing to sell things for a handful of glass beads etc…) • Settled: Anasazi (desert cliff dwellers)of southwest – the Spanish called them the Pueblo. • Cahokia (mound builders) of Illinois. Grew “Three sisters” squash, corn and beans. Existed 1000-1700 ce, the Europeans never saw them.

13. Nomads (everyone Else) • Nomadic hunter-gathering: the majority of groups, varied widly based on environment (pacific northwest, eastern woodland, plains etc….) • Little interest in property, or in farming, which men thought of as “women’s work” (and thought less of European men for doing it) • Creeks, Choctaw and Cherokee semi- settled along Atlantic Seaboard, used 3 sisters agriculture to supplement hunting, moved seasonally.

14. Differences in War • Amerindians generally did not fight big battles with full scale armies (Aztecs and Inca exceptions) thought of it as a waste of life- they went Guerrilla style, raiding/war parties. • Unimpressed by European fear of torture (which they thought of as an honorable death) Jesuits were an exception. • Europeans found it hard to find/catch warriors- they would capture women/children to force the native’s hand. Then got VERY offended when Indians learned to do the same thing. Difference: Euros tended to kill those they kidnapped, Indians assimilated them into their society (easier with children) • Introduction of European weaponry will greatly alter Amerindians conflicts with one another- Iroquois get weapons early and use to subdue their rivals (Huron and Algonquin)

15. Iroquois • There were 100s of different languages and customs- including gender roles. Some used Matrilineal, others Patrilineal definition. Hunter gatherers tend to have greater gender equality, though leadership roles tend to have belonged to men. • Iroquois Confederacy the most widespread political affiliation of North America- 5 tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondaga, Cayugas, and Senecas) who shared common language, and worked together for military (which made them a force to be reckoned with)

16. Trans Atlantic Contacts and early colonies: Chapter 2 Remember that Columbus was not the 1st European to arrive. Phoenicians may have landed as early as 1000 bce, the Mali of Africa almost certainly landed in Caribbean, and Vikings under leif Erickson had a settlement in Newfoundland in 1000 ce

17. European Motivations for Exploration • Renaissance atmosphere of curiosity and exploration in many areas. Emerging nation states were seeking power, were VERY competitive with one another, and there is not much land in Western Europe. • Needed new markets to expanding trade- the most valuable products come from Asia, and the overland route is all tied up. Mercantilism • Religious issues- by early 1500s some nations are breaking away from the Catholic church, others are anxious to expand the power of the church.

18. Portuguese and Spanish voyages- Why? • Spain and Portugal were the 1st Europeans to begin exploration • Reasons • New Nations (Reconquista) • Used to trade and western routes blocked by Muslims and Italy • “Atlantic” states- more familiar with ocean (though not great sailors- hired Italians at the start) • Religious Fervor/Inquisition: Wanted to spread Christianity

19. Portugal Where/Who (slide1) • Portuguese familiar with Muslim trade- Muslims sailed up and down east coast of Africa (Swahili states) and then use land caravan across the Sahara (b/c that way it could stop at various Islamic areas) Portuguese decide to SAIL down the coast to trade. Portuguese aren’t big colonizers, they tend to do “outposts” and trade rather than straight up empire (like the Spanish etc…) • Prince Henry the Navigator: a younger son of King, est a school for map making (cartography) and the study of ships/navigation.

20. Continued…. • Used Islamic knowledge/technology: compass and astrolabe. Made adjustments to Mediterranean ships- develop the Caravel, designed for strong winds and deep waters with square and lanteen sails • Stuck close to the coast at first (can’t get lost!) • Bartholomew Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope in 1488 • Vasco Di Gama: reaches India in 1498 • As they get used to the journey start cutting across corners…. Pedro Cabral blown off course on route to the Cape, lands in Brazil in 1500- which gives Portugal a colony in S America

21. Spain Where/Who • Spain’s 1st focus was Reconquista and creating a nation- exploration came from that, they had something to prove • Christopher Columbus was Italian, had taken his “crazy” idea (and it was crazy- it is NOT faster to go west, even w/o a continent in the way!) to gov’t in Genoa and Portugal before he came to Spain (who were annoyed Portugal refused to join “Spain”, wanted to show them who was boss)

22. Continued… • Lands in the Bahamas Oct 12th 1492, thinks he is in Asia- Caribbean becomes “West Indies” (as opposed to “East Indies” - Indonesia) Trades with Arwoks on Hispanola, who had some gold….gets Spanish fired up for “treasure” in New World. Insisted to the end of his life (1506) he had succeeded in finding Asia (which is why we don’t live in North Columbia) • Balboa discovered Pacific Ocean off Panama in 1513 • 1522 Ferdinand Magellan proved you CAN do what Columbus said (reach Asia by sailing west), it just takes forever…

23. Treaty of Tordesillas • Even though Portugal and Spain were heading in different directions it was clear they might “bump” and have conflicting interests- asked Pope for a ruling • 1493/94 Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary line on a map that divided all unknown lands between Spain and Portugal (expanded 1529 to include Pacific) • Orients Spain towards Americas and empire- Portugal towards Africa/Asia and trade (empires there too well established to conquer, and not interested in conversion) Spain becomes a great power, Portugal does not

24. The Spanish Empire in the Americas • The Spanish never doubted that it was their destiny to rule once they arrived in Americas. Came to conquer, (after all their guys are called “Conquistadors”) not negotiate. Enslaved native populations without hesitation • Spanish empire will eventually stretch from California to tip of South America • Ridiculously Small #s, but Guns, Germs and Steel carry the day.

25. Aztecs • Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs in 1519 (more die of Smallpox than battle). Major factor in victory is the fact that Aztecs rule a tribute nation, many of their “subject” tribes supported Europeans (poor choice in the end) • Aztecs had a decent stash of gold/gems etc… sent back to Spain. Fed Spanish desire- convinced “El Dorado” could be found • Protestant countries will eventually speak of “Black Legend” of Spanish Conquistadors as ruthless murderers who were intent on willful destruction of native culture. In reality- all Europeans thought their way was the right way, and had no hesitation using force to achieve their goals- the Spanish just did it to more people.

26. Incas • Francisco Pizarro conquered invaded 1532 by exploiting a civil war between two brothers competing for the throne. Captured and Killed emperor (Inca) Atahualpa, took until 1540 to have full control of the empire • Peru ended up being incredibly valuable treasure-wise, there were already massive silver mines in the Andes, and Spanish could just take things over and send the $$ home

27. Exploration and Settlement of North America • 1565 Spanish found St Augustine Fl, the 1st permanent European settlement in North America. • English/French/Dutch etc… shut out of Treaty of Tordesillas- and had some other things to deal with- Reformation and wars of Religion. They do a little exploring, and harass Spanish treasure shipping (Elizabeth I’s “Sea Dogs”) but don’t really get in the game until the 1600s.

28. Mercantilism • Prevailing economic theory of the 1500-1700s. Idea was the Gov’t should constantly intervene in the economy, esp directing trade. Very important that a country should have a “favorable balance of trade” meaning more exports than imports, and a healthy supply of cash on hand • Colonies are PERFECT for mercantilism. They provide raw materials (and treasure if you are lucky) and a market for goods.

29. Spanish Exploration and settlement • Exploration is one long treasure hunt. Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Coronado, and Hernan De Soto moved it north into what would become the US in the 1500s- exploring Florida, and much of the Southern US west of the Mississippi. Found no gold here, but set up trading posts and missions to force Christianity on native populations- had a much harder time subduing nomads, they aren’t interested in chasing them around. Pueblos their main conquest in N. America

30. Encomienda • Used same labor system they had in central and south America. • Claim the land, and all the people who live on it become “serfs” of that land. (not full slavery b/c they weren’t personal property- but not free either) • Really not overly successful system for the Spanish. 1st of all, Native Americans has HIGH mortality rate. 2ndmany weren’t good at the type of labor Spanish wanted, this is why Europeans will eventually turn to African Slavery.

31. Pope’s Rebellion • Juan de Onate est. New Mexico 1598 conquering Pueblo territory Santa Fe becomes capital in 1610. Priests come in and force Christianity on population (typical practice) But many natives continued to practice underground, and in 1680 a group of several hundred were punished with public flogging for “backsliding”. • Touched off a rebellion led by an native religious leader (Pope) who killed dozens of clergy and 350 Spanish settlers- managed to kick Spanish out of their territory for nearly 10 years, it took until 1696 for Spanish to regain full control. Huge retaliations, 90% of Pueblo population died between 1550 and 1700.

32. Dutch Exploration and Settlement • Netherlands has been trade based since middle ages- poor land for agriculture. Became Protestant- Calvinist in 1500s (and fought 30 years war) • Protestant Work Ethic: believed that God admired hard work, and helped those who helped themselves. If you weren’t making $$ you aren’t trying hard enough. • Took their main model from Portugal- another small country, used trading posts rather than empire. Muslims/Asians preferred Dutch to Portuguese- no effort at conversion. • Dutch gov’t decentralized, pioneered idea of using Joint Stock Companies to fund exploration. Dutch East India Co the most famous and profitable.

33. New Netherlands • 1609 sent Henry Hudson to look for NW passage. (and People will keep looking for 200 years- IT’S NOT THERE!!) Explored Hudson River in 1614 and est trade post at Albany. • 1624 Dutch WEST India Co given exclusive rights to trade in Americas- decided to found a trade base: New Amsterdam on the island of Manhattan. Not a big territory- they are here to trade, not conquer • Divided land, and sold shared to Patroons: who agree to import laborers to work the land. Attracted a diverse population, people from many parts of Europe. Offered Religious Tolerance (had decided those wars were bad for trade)

34. French Exploration and Settlement • Jacques Cartier explored St Lawrence in 1530s. Samuel de Champlain est a permanent settlement at Quebec in 1608. Travel/trade across upper Great Lakes, Robert La Salle will sail down the Mississippi in 1682, New Orleans founded 1718 to block Spanish growth in Gulf of Mexico • Also used trade pattern, had best relation with Natives (used gifts to win good trade). Fur trade most profitable- and led to greater exploration of interior “Coureurs des bois” (runners of the woods) Befriended Algonquins and Hurons (enemies of Huron) • Brought in Jesuits to attempt conversion, impressed Indians with their ability to endure torture. • Like Spain, all French colonies property of king- Canada was a tough sell for settlement. Wouldn’t allow religious dissenters (Huguenots) to come.

35. British Beginnings • Rather late start in Colonial game- • 1400-1500s occupied by War of the Roses (Cousins War) and dynastic struggles of Tudors…won’t be until reign of Elizabeth (and defeat of Spanish Armada 1588) that they get in the game. Roanoke 1st attempt at colony under Sir Walter Raleigh. “Lost Colony” it disappears- still a mystery. • But once they DO get in, there are several factors that impact English colonialization

36. Population Boom • Impact of crops from Columbian Exchange HUGE for population of Europe as a whole, and England’s population doubles between 1500 and 1650. This leads to inflation and increased demand for all goods • In order to make more $$, landowners begin to use scientific farming methods and Enclosure (remember this from last year?) which limits the amount of land peasants have available. Many will become industrial workers eventually, but for those with some means, gov’t supports them going to colonies. This is different from Spanish or French royals colonies- and will have a important impact on why WE turn out the way we do- we have a much larger European/native American ratio.

37. English Reformation • Henry VIII “quit” the Catholic church primarily because he wanted ultimate power to rest with the king. Protestant doctrine of Anglican church not significantly different. But Protestantism in Scotland (Presbyterianism) had significant differences- it’s Calvinist. Many in England felt Anglican church had not made enough changes… they want to “Purify” it- and become Calvinists as well, Puritans. • Elizabeth I pursued religious moderation- but her successors, James I and Charles I will have plenty of arguments with Puritans, which they try to solve by encouraging them to leave. (again, different from French)

38. Governments in North America • Once again unlike Spanish or French, England had many “types” of colonies. • There were Royal colonies but also Proprietary and Corporate colonies; those controlled by a nobleman or founded by joint stock companies. • This created a variety of government regulations and styles, and greater independence of colonial governments. King didn’t tend to send all powerful “viceroys” and territories were relatively small (compared to say “New Spain”) Independent colonial land ownership the norm.

39. Social Patterns • Because the majority of population in British colonies was European (shoved Native Americans out of way) there was not the struggle between Euro/native typical in Latin America. Southern colonies had greatest rigidity in race issues as slavery developed. • Overall, because land available- there was vastly greater social mobility than in European society- which was a major motivation to come, right from the start, people came to make $$ • One way that poor people GOT here was through Indentured Servitude. This practice will limit slavery during the early years of colonization.

40. Relations with Indians • Most of the Native Americans who lived in areas colonized by the British and French were at least semi-nomadic….made it easier to get them to move. That’s what the British want, they don’t want to “conquer”, they just want them to go away. (helped by the same population decimation from European diseases) • As Europeans arrive Indians are forced west- which actually created greater conflict between tribal groups than with Europeans

42. The 13 Colonies • 1607 Jamestown Virginia the 1st permanent British colony in the New World. Then came the Pilgrims and Puritans (not the same thing) of Massachusetts in the 1620s. • Between 1607 and 1690 the majority of British colonies will come into being: Virginia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Carolina (eventually Split) New York and New Jersey (taken from Dutch) and Pennsylvania

43. Southern Colonies: General Characteristics • From early days will be dominated by large (plantation) agriculture. Tobacco and Rice 1st important crops. Slavery in colonies as of 1620, but majority of work done by indentured servants until late 1600s • Land ownership in smallest number of hands compared to other colonies- the south will have “landed aristocrats”. This also leads to smaller populations than other colonies, or at least lower population density. • Because many are royal- most have Anglican Church as “official” church (Maryland exception) however most are fairly tolerant of all sects of Christianity.

44. Settlement in Virginia • Founded by Virginia Company. Planned to use the Spanish model, came looking for Gold and Trade (looking for that dang NW Passage) • Colony nearly failed 1607-08, b/c most of the people who came were from upper classes (comparatively) and didn’t do a lot of “work”. Which forced John Smith’s famous “He who does not work shall not eat” pronouncement. Worst segment was “starving time” in winter of 1610. Where 340 of 400 settlers die. Only 1200 of 8000 settlers who arrive before 1625 will survive. It will be tobacco that saves Virginia… (introduced by John Rolfe, married to Pocohantas)

45. Powhatan Confederacy • Powhatans were the local tribe. Began fairly cooperatively with colonists, but became more hostile as it became clear that English had no intention of sharing land. And once tobacco (which depletes soil and therefore needs TONS of land) is in the picture things get even worse. • 1622 Powhatans attack- killing nearly 1/3 of the English population. But English come back with reinforcements and pretty much wipe out the tribe.

46. House of Burgesses • Original company charter promised settlers the same rights they had at home. (unique) Rocky circumstances forced a fairly military regime during the early years, but in 1618 the company created an elected legislature: the House of Burgesses (landowners) Not full democracy. Only landowners vote, company appoints governor. But still a step. • 1624 charter was up, and King James I decided to make Virginia a Royal colony, (he hates tobacco, and wanted to try and change colonial focus- unsuccessful) king would appoint royal governor but allowed the House of Burgesses to remain.

47. Maryland • Founded 1632 as a proprietary colony by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) • By this point tobacco is a viable economy, and Calvert was looking to increase his fortune. But he had another motivation, he was from one of the last noble families in England to still practice Catholicism. Catholics in England faced discrimination and persecution. Hoped Maryland would be a haven for them.

48. Act of Toleration • 1st settlers were 20 catholic families, and 200 protestants. From the outset, protestants outnumbered Catholics in the colony (as they did in England) and they brought their prejudices with them. Protestants resented privileges and land grants given to Catholics. • 1649 Act of Toleration passed: Guaranteeing equal protection of the law to all Christians. (but not anyone else)

49. Maryland Act of Toleration, excerpt … Be it Therefore also by the Lord Proprietary with the advise and consent of this Assembly Ordeyned and enacted …that no person or persons whatsoever within this Province…thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, Molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this Province or the Islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his or her consent…

50. Life in the Chesapeake • Really tough in early years- if you came from England- your life expectancy DECREASED by 10 years. ½ of all children born in Virginia and Maryland don’t survive to grow up- less than 25% of population lives past 50. • Malaria, Dysentery and Typhoid major causes of death (bacteria in warm water) • Most immigrants men in their 20s- women scares before 1700 • Things begin to stabilize after 1700- develop immunities, more women etc… in 1700 Virginia has largest pop of any British colony (50,000) and Maryland 3rd largest (30,000)