Network Security

1. Network Security Lecture 1 Course Overview http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk

2. Overview • Goal of this course • Grading • Prerequisites • Tentative Schedule • Security Goals

3. Goal of This Course • Comprehensive course on network security • Includes both theory and practice • Theory: Cryptography, Hashes, key exchange, Email Security, Web Security • Practice: Hacking and Anti-Hacker techniques • Graduate course: (Advanced Topics) • Lot of independent reading and writing • Survey paper

4. CERT • Computer emergency response team (CERT) • Security is a #1 concern about Internet. • Significant industry and government investment in security

5. Prerequisites • Computer Communication & Networks

6. Prerequisites • ISO/OSI reference model • TCP/IP protocol stack • Full-Duplex vs half-duplex • UTP vs Wireless • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) • CRC Polynomial • Ethernet • IEEE 802 MAC Addresses • Bridging and Routing • IEEE 802.11 LAN

7. Prerequisites (contd.) • IP Address • Subnets • Private vs Public Addresses • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Routing - Dijkstra's algorithm • Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • TCP connection setup • TCP Checksum • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

8. Text Book • Charlie Kaufman, Radia Perlman, and Mike Speciner, "Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World," 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN: 0130460192.

9. Reference Book • Cryptography and Network Security, by William Stallings,Prentice Hall, 4th Edition, 2006 • Few topics from this book will be followed during this course.  • All relevant material will be provided as notes or as part of the class slides.

10. Course Outline • Course Overview • Security Concepts • TCP/IP Security Attacks • Security Key Cryptography (Chapter 3) • Modes of Operation (Chapter 4) • Hashes and Message Digest (Chapter 5) • Public Key Cryptography (Chapter 6) • Authentication: Passwords, Biometrics (Chapter 10) • Kerberos (Chapter 14) • Public Key Infrastructure (Chapter 15) • IPSec (Chapter 17)

11. Course Outline (contd.) • Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (Chapter 18) • Web Security: SSL/TLS (Chapter 19) • Email Security: PGP (Chapter 22) • Firewalls (Chapter 23) • VPNs • DNS Security • Network Access Controls: AAA • Wireless Security • Intrusion Detection • DMZ (LAN->WAN)

12. Grading • Assignments 0% • Quizzes 15% • Research Paper 15% • MID 20% • Final Exam 50%

13. Term Project • A survey paper on a network security topic • Wireless Network Security • Key Exchange Protocols • Comprehensive Survey: Technical Papers, Industry Standards, Products • A real attack and protection exercise on the security of a system (web server, Mail server, …) – Groups of 2 students (Hacker and Administrator) • Recent Developments: Last 5 to 10 years ⇒ Not in books • Better ones may be submitted to magazines or journals

14. Project Schedule • Week 3: Topic Selection/Proposal • Week 6: References Due • Week 9: Outline Due • Week 13: First Draft/Demo Due • Week 16: Final Report Due

15. Office Hours • Monday: 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM • Office: Room 9 • Contact Office: +92-51-9047573 • Best way to communicate with me in other then office hours is email: waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk • Do mention MSc Student in Subject Field

16. FAQs • Yes, I do use “curve”. Your grade depends upon the performance of the rest of the class. • All exams are closed-book and extremely time limited. • Exams consist of numerical and may be multiple-choice (truefalse) questions.

17. Quiz 0: Prerequisites • True or False? • Subnet mask of 255.255.255.254 will allow 254 nodes on the LAN. • Time to live (TTL) of 8 means that the packet can travel at most 8 hops. • IP Address 128.256.210.12 is an invalid IP address • CRC Polynomial x32+x15+1 will produce a 32 bit CRC. • DHCP server is required for dynamic IP address assignment • DNS helps translate an name to MAC address • Port 80 is used for FTP. • IPv6 addresses are 32 bits long. • New connection setup message in TCP contains a syn flag. • 192.168.0.1 is a public address. • Marks = Correct Answers _____ - Incorrect Answers _____ = ______

18. Quiz 0: Prerequisites (Solution) • True or False? • Subnet mask of 255.255.255.254 will allow 254 nodes on the LAN. False • Time to live (TTL) of 8 means that the packet can travel at most 8 hops. True • IP Address 128.256.210.12 is an invalid IP address. True • CRC Polynomial x32+x15+1 will produce a 32 bit CRC. True • DHCP server is required for dynamic IP address assignment. True • DNS helps translate an name to MAC address. False • Port 80 is used for FTP. False • IPv6 addresses are 32 bits long. False • New connection setup message in TCP contains a syn flag. True • 192.168.0.1 is a public address. False • Marks = Correct Answers _____ - Incorrect Answers _____ = ______

19. Network Security Lecture 1 TCP/IP Security Attacks http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk

20. Overview • TCP Segment Format, Connection Setup, Disconnect • IP: Address Spoofing, Covert Channel, Fragment Attacks, ARP, DNS • TCP Flags: Syn Flood, Ping of Death, Smurf, Fin • UDP Flood Attack • Connection Hijacking • Application: E-Mail, Web spoofing • Ref: Gert De Laet and Gert Schauwers, “Network Security Fundamentals,” Cisco Press, 2005, ISBN:1587051672

21. Security Goals • Security Goals • Confidentiality: Need access control, Cryptography, Existence of data • Integrity: No change, content, source, prevention mechanisms, detection mechanisms • Availability: Denial of service attacks, • Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA)

22. Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Security Attacks Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Snooping Modification Modification Modification Modification Denial of Service Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Traffic Analysis Masquerading Masquerading Masquerading Threat to Availability Replaying Replaying Threat to Confidentiality Repudiation Threat to Integrity

23. Alice Bob Passive Versus Active Attacks • Alice and Bob want to communicate in presence of adversaries • Adversaries: • Passive – just looking • Active – may change msgs

24. Categorization of passive and active attacks

25. TCP segment format 20 to 60 Byte header

26. Connection establishment using three-way handshaking • A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it consumes one sequence number. • A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry data, but does consume one sequence number. • An ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes no sequence number.

27. Connection termination using three-way handshaking • The FIN segment consumes one sequence number if it does not carry data. • The FIN + ACK segment consumes one sequence number if it does not carry data.

28. IP address Spoofing • Send requests to server with someone X's IP address. The response is received at X and discarded. Both X and server can be kept busy ⇒ DoS attack

29. TCP Flags • Invalid combinations • May cause recipient to crash or hang

30. Syn Flood • A sends Syn request with IP address of X to Server V. • V sends a syn+ack to X • X discards syn+ack leaving an half open connection at V. • Many open connections exhausts resources at V ⇒ DoS

31. Ping of Death • Send a ping with more than 64kB in the data field. • Most systems would crash, hang or reboot.

32. Smurf • Send a broadcast echo request with the V's source address. • All the echo replies will make V very busy.

33. Fin • In the middle of conversation between X and V. • H sends a packet with Fin flag to V. • V closes the connection and disregards all further packets from X. • RST flag can be used similarly

34. Connection Hijacking • H sends packets to server X which increments the sequence number at X. • All further packets from V are discarded at X. • Responses for packets from H are sent to V - confusing him.

35. Address Resolution Protocol

36. Request 08:00:20:03:F6:42 00:00:C0:C2:9B:26 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 192.168.0 arp req | target IP: 192.168.0.5 | target eth: ? Reply 08:00:20:03:F6:42 00:00:C0:C2:9B:26 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 192.168.0 arp rep | sender IP: 192.168.0.5 | sender eth: 00:00:C0:C2:9B:26 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol • Mapping from IP addresses to MAC addresses

37. ARP Spoofing • X tries to find the MAC address of Victim V • Hacker H responds to ARP request pretending to be V. • All communication for V is captured by H. • Countermeasure: Use static ARP

38. DNS Spoofing • DNS server is compromised to provide H's IP address for V's name. • Countermeasure

39. Email Spoofing • From address is spoofed. • Malware attachment comes from a friendly address. • From: God@heavens.com

40. Web Spoofing • The web site looks like another • Southwest Airline, http://airlines.ws/southwest-airline.htm • For every .gov site there is a .com, .net giving similar information • For misspellings of popular businesses, there are web sites.

41. Summary 1. TCP port numbers, Sequence numbers, ack, flags 2. IP addresses are easy to spoof. ARP and DNS are not secure. 3. Flags: Syn Flood, Ping of Death, Smurf, Fin, Connection Hijacking 4. UDP Flood Attack 5. Application addresses are not secure

42. References 1. Gert De Laet and Gert Schauwers, “Network Security Fundamentals,” Cisco Press, 2005, ISBN:1587051672

43. Lab Home Work 1: Gathering Information • Learn about IPconfig, ping, arp, nslookup, whois, tracert, netstat, route, hosts file • 1. Find the IP addresses of www.google.com • 2. Modify the hosts file to map www.google.com to 128.252.166.33 and do a google search. Remove the modification to the host file and repeat. • 3. Find the domain name of 128.272.165.7 (reverse the address and add .inaddr. arpa) • 4. Find the owner of www.google.com domain • 5. Find route from your computer to www.google.com • 6. Find the MAC address of your computer • 7. Print your ARP cache table. Find a server on your local network. Change its ARP entry in your computer to point to your computer’s MAC address. Print new ARP cache table. Now use the service and see what happens. • 8. Print your routing table and explain each line (up to line #20 if too many) • 9. What is the number of packets sent with “destination unreachable” • 10. Find the location of 128.252.166.33 (use www.ipaddresslocation.org)

44. Questions!