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THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGINS. Photos by photographer Dorothea Lange. Harding. 1921-1923 “Return to Normalcy” after WWI Easy going, won Presidency overwhelmingly Teapot Dome Scandal Considered weakest of all Presidents by some. Coolidge Took over when Harding died
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION BEGINS Photos by photographer Dorothea Lange
Harding • 1921-1923 • “Return to Normalcy” after WWI • Easy going, won Presidency overwhelmingly • Teapot Dome Scandal • Considered weakest of all Presidents by some • Coolidge • Took over when Harding died • Believed in minimal gov’t “Silent Cal” • Only ran for one term despite being popular
THE NATION’S SICK ECONOMY (Late 1920’s) At the end of the 1920’s, serious problems threatened the economy while Important industries struggled, including: • Agriculture • Railroads • Textiles • Steel • Mining • Lumber • Automobiles • Housing • Household goods
FARMERS STRUGGLE • No industry suffered as much as agriculture • During World War I European demand for American crops soared • After the war demand plummeted • Farmers increased production sending prices further downward Photo by Dorothea Lange
CONSUMER SPENDING DOWN • By the late 1920s, American consumers were buying less • Rising prices, stagnant wages and overbuying on credit were to blame • Most people did not have the money to buy the flood of goods factories produced
GAP BETWEEN RICH & POOR • The gap between rich and poor widened • The wealthiest 1% saw their income rise 75% • The rest of the population saw an increase of only 9% • More than 70% of American families below poverty level - earned less than $2500 per year Photo by Dorothea Lange
Herbert Hoover Wins 1928 Election • Republican Herbert Hoover ran against Democrat Alfred E. Smith Hoover emphasized years of prosperity under Republican administrations • Hoover won an overwhelming victory in the1928 election
THE STOCK MARKET • By 1929, many Americans were invested in the Stock Market • The Stock Market had become the most visible symbol of a prosperous American economy
STOCK PRICES RISE THROUGH THE 1920s • Through most of the 1920s, stock prices rose steadily • By 1929, 4 million Americans owned stocks New York Stock Exchange
SEEDS OF TROUBLE • By the late 1920s, problems with the economy emerged • Speculation:Too many Americans were engaged in speculation – buying stocks & bonds hoping for a quick profit • Margin:Americans were buying “on margin” – paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a downpayment and borrowing the rest The Stock Market’s bubble was about to break
THE 1929 CRASH • On October 24, the market took a plunge . . .the worst was yet to come • On October 29, now known as Black Tuesday, the bottom fell out • 16.4 million shares were sold that day • People who had bought on margin (credit) were stuck with huge debts
THE GREAT DEPRESSION • The Stock Market crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression • The Great Depression is the period from 1929 – 1940 in which the economy sunk and unemployment skyrocketed Alabama family, 1938 Photo by Walter Evans
FINANCIAL COLLAPSE • After the crash, many Americans panicked and withdrew their money from banks • Banks had invested in the Stock Market and lost money • In 1929- 600 banks fail • By 1933 – 11,000 of the 25,000 banks nationwide had collapsed Bank run 1929, Los Angeles
GNP DROPS, UNEMPLOYMENT SOARS • Between 1928-1932, 90,000 businesses went bankrupt • Unemployment leaped from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933
HARDSHIPS DURING DEPRESSION • The Great Depression brought hardship, homelessness, and hunger to millions • Across the country, people lost their jobs, and their homes • Some built makeshift shacks out of scrap material • shantytowns called Hoovervilles sprung up
SOUP KITCHENS • One of the common features of urban areas during the era were soup kitchens and bread lines • Soup kitchens and bread lines offered free or low-cost food for people Unemployed men wait in line for food – this particular soup kitchen was sponsored by Al Capone
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime," • They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob, • When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job. • They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead, • Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread? • Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time. • Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? • Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick, and rivet, and lime; • Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? • Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, • Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, • Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, • And I was the kid with the drum! • Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. • Why don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime? • Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, • Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, • Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, • And I was the kid with the drum! • Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. • Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?
CONDITIONS FOR MINORITIES • Unemployment was the highest among minorities and their pay was the lowest • Increased violence (24 lynchings in 1933 alone)marred the 1930s • Many Mexicans were “encouraged” to return to their homeland As conditions deteriorated, violence against blacks increased
RURAL LIFE DURING THE DEPRESSION • While the Depression was difficult for everyone, farmers did have one advantage; they could grow food for their families • Thousands of farmers, however, lost their land Between 1929-1932 almost ½ million farmers lost their land
THE DUST BOWL • A severe drought gripped the Great Plains in the early 1930s • Wind scattered the topsoil, exposing sand and grit Kansas Farmer, 1933
HARDEST HIT REGIONS • Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado were the hardest hit regions during the Dust Bowl • Many farmers migrated to California and other Pacific Coast states Boy covers his mouth to avoid dust, 1935
Photographer Dorothea Lange captures a family headed west to escape the dust storms
HOBOES TRAVEL AMERICA • The 1930s created the term “hoboes” to describe poor drifters • 300,000 hoboes hitched rides around the country on trains and slept under bridges (thousands were teenagers) • Injuries and death was common on railroad property; over 50,000 people were hurt or killed
Effects Of The Depression • Suicide rate rose more than 30% between 1928-1932 • Alcoholism rose sharply in urban areas • Three times as many people were admitted to state mental hospitals as in normal times • Many people developed habits of savings & thriftiness
SECTION 3: HOOVER STRUGGLES WITH THE DEPRESSION • After the stock market crash, President Hoover tried to reassure Americans • He said, “Any lack of confidence in the economic future . . . Is foolish” • He recommended business as usual • Suggested people help other people, not the Federal Government’s job Herbert Hoover
HOOVER’S PHILOSOPHY • Hoover was not quick to react to the depression • He believed in “rugged individualism” – the idea that people succeed through their own efforts • People should take care of themselves, not depend on governmental hand-outs • He said people should “pull themselves up by their bootstraps” Hoover believed it was the individuals job to take care of themselves, not the governments
HOOVER’S SUCCESSFUL DAM PROJECT • Hoover successfully organized and authorized the construction of the Boulder Dam (Now called the Hoover Dam) • The $700 million project was the world’s tallest dam (726 feet) and the second largest (1,244 feet long) • The dam currently provides electricity, flood control and water for 7 western states
BONUS ARMY • A 1932 incident further damaged Hoover’s image • That spring about 15,000 World War I vets arrived in Washington to support a bill that would have authorized Congress to pay a bonus to WWI vets immediately • The bonus was scheduled to be paid in 1945 --- The Army vets wanted it NOW
BONUS ARMY TURNED DOWN • Hoover called the Bonus marchers, “Communists and criminals” • On June 17, 1932 the Senate voted down the Putnam Bill Thousands of Bonus Army soldiers protest – Spring 1932
BONUS MARCHERS CLASH WITH SOLDIERS • Hoover told the Bonus marchers to go home– most did • 2,000 refused to leave • Hoover sent a force of 1,000 soldiers under the command of General Douglas MacArthur and his aide Dwight Eisenhower
AMERICANS SHOCKED AT TREATMENT OF WWI VETS • On Hoover’s orders, the military gassed more than 1,000 marchers, including an 11-month old baby, who died • Two vets were shot and scores injured • Americans were outraged and once again, Hoover’s image suffered
First order of Business? Restoring Public’s Confidence in Banks 1. Declared a banking crisis a. Closed ALL banks for 4 day“Bank Holiday” (so people would stop trying to withdraw money and banks to resupply) b. Emergency Banking Relief Act- Passed by Congress, allowed only stable banks to reopen, the rest remained closed 2. Fireside Chat- told Americans by radio that the good banks were safer than $$ in a mattress
Roosevelt’s 3 R’s: 1. Relief (help the unemployed) 2. Recovery (help the farmers and industry) 3.Reform (help avoid a Depression in the future)
1. Relief – help the unemployed • CCC = Civilian Conservation Corps • PWA = Public Works Administration • TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority • WPA = Works Project Administration
2. Recovery – helping farmers and Industry bounce back • NRA = National Recovery Act • AAA = Agricultural Adjustment Administration