107 CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS FUNDAMENTALS

1. SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE NMCB SPECIFIC 107 CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS FUNDAMENTALS

2. Contingency Operations • References: [a] COMSECONDNCB/COMTHIRDNCBINST 3300.1 Rapid Runway Repair [b] ABFC View Program, https://ncf.navy.mil/abfcview/abfcviewabout.cfm [c] UT Basic Vol. 2, p 2-1 [d] CE Basic p 3-21 [e] FM 5-277, Bailey Bridge

3. Contingency Operations [f] TM-08676A-23/2 Medium Girder Bridge, Marine Corps [g] AFMAN 10-219, Vol. 4 Rapid Runway Repair Operations [h] NAVEDTRA 14081, Equipment Operators Basic [i] UFC 3-270-07 Unified Facilities Criteria O&M Airfield Damage Repair

4. Contingency Operations [j] CIN-710-1023, Airfield Damage Repair Crew Training Guide [k] Mabey Johnson User Manual [l] Training Guide for Command Post Bunker S-710-1017 [m] Training Guide for Observation Tower S-710-1016 [n] Training Guide Heavy Construction 1 A-710-0044

5. OVERVIEW • Airfield Damage Repair (ADR) • Methods of (ADR) • Battalion Tent Camp Layout • Camp Maintenance • Transportable Bridges • Heavy Timber Construction

6. Level I • A Level I schedule lists all of the projects assigned and contains a broad schedule for each project. The schedule also includes a planned rate of accomplishment for the entire deployment.

7. Level I • After the operations officer has balanced the estimated workload against the battalion’s manpower skills and equipment the Level I is submitted through the chain of command up to the Commanding Officer. • The level I is updated by the Operations Officer .

8. NCF LEVEL II • Used by company CDRs, Ops • Project specific • By master activity • Bi-weekly bar chart • Quick view of project progress • Planned progress verses actual progress curve • Sitrep input to S3 biweekly • Sitrep input to brigade monthly

9. NCF LEVEL II

10. Level III • The following information is found on a Level III barchart. • Construction Activities • Start, finish and duration of each construction activity • Critical activities • Free Float

11. NCF Level III

12. Contingency Operations PQS Question 106.1 Describe the duties of the following Rapid Runway Repair (RRR)/ Airfield Damage Repair teams and state what type of equipment is necessary to perform their mission under Battle Damage repair (BDR)/RRR. [ref.a, ch. III] • MOS [Annex C] • DAT [Annex] • Crater/Spall [Annex E,F]

13. Airfield Damage Repair The most important mission of the NCF after an airfield has been attacked. Mission of an NMCB (as tasked by MEF) Repair airfield pavement and facilities. Enables mission essential aircraft to launch and recover.

14. Airfield Damage Repair Airfield Damage Repair Priorities Damage Assessment Rough Initial Detailed Establish an MOS (Minimum Operating Strip) Temporary repair of taxiways and parking aprons Establish secondary or back-up operating strips Permanently repair all airstrips and taxiways

15. ADR Phases Airfield Damage Repair Planning Mobilization: NMCB personnel and equipment ready for ADR on-site and other deployment sites Pre-attack: Staging and stockpiling operations Post-attack: Temporary repairs to runways and facilities Airfield restoration: Permanent repairs and expansion

16. Airfield Damage Repair Training Requirements 46 personnel – E-6 & below ADR Level I Crew leaders, DATs 20 personnel – E-5 & above ADR Level II Command center personnel, crew chiefs, OIC/AOIC 6 personnel – E-6 & below Crete mobile (All FOD cover crew leaders) 72 personnel total trained in battalion

17. ADR OPERATIONS Establish Station Command Center Establish Battalion Command Center Establish Damage assessment teams Establish communications network Survey Area (DAT) Recommend Repairs to Air Ops Make Repairs

18. Contingency Operations PQS Question 106.1 Describe the duties of the following Rapid Runway Repair (RRR)/ Airfield Damage Repair teams and state what type of equipment is necessary to perform their mission under Battle Damage repair (BDR)/RRR. [ref.a, ch. III] MOS [Annex C] DAT [Annex] Crater/Spall [Annex E,F]

19. (MOS) Minimum Operating Strip MOS- The launch and recovery surface selected for repair is called the minimum operating strip (MOS). The MOS is the area from which aircraft actually takeoff and land. When a MOS is combined with access taxiways from aircraft staging areas such as shelters and parking ramps, the entire area becomes the minimum airfield operating surface (MAOS).

20. MOS Team Battalion Liaison Officer • OIC • AOIC MOS Selection Team (Primary & Alternate) • Team Chief • Selector • Plotter • Communicator

21. MOS Selection Team 1 – Receives information from damage assessment teams 2 – Plot ALL damage on runway map 3 – Maintain Status Boards 4 – Select new runway location 5 – Determine size of new runway 6 – Determine quality of repair for craters in new MOS

22. MOS Kit Transparent templates for marking MOS Plotting board Critical resource charts Transparent circle templates that match the airfield map scale Markers, Pens, Pencils Base map 1:4800 scale (1”=400’) Air Field Map 1:1200 scale (1”=100’)

23. Damage Assessment Team Responsible for ALL members on the Damage Assessment Team Organizes & directs the team down the runway. Receives all information from Damage Assessment Team members Ensures ALL information is accurately transmitted to the MOS selection team. 5 members (1 EOD, 2 Public Works, 2 Seabees)

24. Damage Assessment Kit Marking tape Non-metallic tape measures EOR forms Maps (scale 1” = 100’) Station Airfield

25. Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Report Type & Location Grid Coordinates Radiological Results Descriptive information Detailed Drawing of UXO ELEVATION VIEW CLOCK METHOD

26. ADR Factors Aircraft Type and Load. Each aircraft has distinct characteristics (e.g., wing span, tire pressure, load capacity, braking mechanism.) Available Material. The type and quantity of material (e.g., backfill, crushed stone, fiberglass mat) available for a repair. Available Equipment. The type and quantity of CESE available for a repair. Time Constraints. The time allotted to accomplish the repairs before thefirst aircraft arrival or departure. Repair Crew Capability/Equipment/Manpower. The repair crew’s capacityfor the task (e.g., experience, number of repair people, resource availability). Type of Damage Sustained

27. Airfield Damage Crater: is damage that penetrates through the pavement surface into the underlying base and subgrade soil uplifting the surrounding pavement and ejecting soil, rock, and pavement debris around the impact area. Craters represent much more severe damage than spalls. Large craters: diameter equal to or greater than 4.57 m (15 ft). Small craters: diameter less than 4.57 m (15 ft). ABFC P-36 RRR – Ref. Manual Spall: is damage that does not penetrate through the pavement surface to the underlying layers. Spalls may be up to 1.52 m (5 ft) in diameter.

28. Crater Diagram

29. Crater Crew Chief Responsible for crater crew Responsible for the FOD cover crew Each crew responsible for two craters Ensures proper repair criterion is met Receives and relays input to & from crew leaders and ADR OIC

30. Crater Repairs Crush Stone Repairs Crush stone without a FOD cover – quickest (taxiways & parking aprons) Crush stone with FOD cover – higher cost from FOD cover use Cheap crushed stone repair – least expensive Choked ballast repair – when water is present Sand Grid Requires FOD cover Height of sub-base critical Regulated Set Portland Cement Batched from ‘Crete Mobile’ 6” – 12” thick (set in 20 – 30 minutes, 2500 psi in 2 hours)(traffic ready) Precast Slabs Cold weather climates (European theater) Need specialty tools

31. Crater Crew Equipment CESE Equipment 8 - Loaders 4 - Dozers 4 - Graders 4 - Rollers 8 – Light Plants 4 – Air Compressors 1 – Concrete Saw 8 – Mud Pumps

32. Spall Diagram

33. Spall Repair Silikal Set in 8 to 30 minutes Highly flammable above 32 degrees with additive Traffic ready within 1 to 2 hours Cold mix asphalt Life of repair ~ 100 sorties Magnesium phosphate Can extend mix by adding 50% gravel by volume Regulated set Portland Cement Initial set is 25 minutes @ 75 degrees

34. 106 Contingency Operations PQS Question 106.2 Describe the following methods of RRR/ADR: Folded Fiberglass Matting AM-2 aluminum matting Crete mobile

35. Folded Fiberglass Matting This procedure is currently the primary MOS repair method. It involves the installation of an anchored FFM over a crater which was prepared with a layer of well-compacted crushed stone. Crater preparation is essentially identical to that used with the AM-2 matting system. Again, this is the principle method of ADR employed for MOS repairs. The FFM is air-transportable, can be moved easily by vehicles, can be positioned at greater distances from airfield pavement surfaces, and must be stored indoors out of the elements.

36. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FOD Covers Folded Fiberglass Matting • Two patches per kit • ¼” thick 6’ wide, 30’ long • 30’ x 54’ patch – bolted together 60’ x 54’ patch • Tow into position • Anchor Leading and Trailing edge only • Do not store in direct sunlight • Can be used as flush finish • Used primarily on runway and taxiway

37. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FOD Covers Bolted Fiberglass Matting (FRP) • Air shippable 8’x 8’x 20’ ISO container • 1/4” – 3/8” thick • 4 small patches or 1 large patch per container • Tow into position • All tools contained in each kit • Do not store in direct sunlight • Can be used as flush finish • Used primarily on runway and taxiway • Average weight 2,144 lbs • One small patch is 32’ x 32’ 9” • One large patch is 62’ x 69’ 4”

38. AM-2 Aluminum Matting Hand-assembled and anchored over the crater which was prepared with a layer of crushed stone. This repair surface is the most manpower intensive of the two primary ADR techniques

39. AM2 Aluminum Matting

40. AM-2 Aluminum Matting Primarily used on taxiway and parking apron Package contains matting, tools and accessories to assemble 54’ x 72’ FOD cover 5 boxes contains 9 bundles of AM Matting Can be towed from side to side Must be centered on the taxiway AM2 patch is 54’ x 77’ Must be towed by two pieces of like equipment AM2 Matting cannot be a flush repair

41. Crushed Stone Repair Clear debris from the crater perimeter. Determine the actual crater diameter versus the apparent crater diameter, i.e., the extent of crater pavement damage/upheaval. Remove the up-heaved pavement. Remove large objects 36” or larger and water from inside the crater, as required. Backfill the crater with ejecta, ballast rock, or clean fill. Backfilling the crater with crushed stone. Compaction of the crushed stone.

42. Crushed Stone Repair Install a 12” layer of crushed stone over the backfill material. Compact the crushed stone material in lifts approx 6” thick. Compact each lift of crushed stone using a minimum of four initial passes of a single-drum vibratory roller Final compaction with 28 passes Roll done parallel to runway For every inch above runway surface 3’ taper required

43. Crushed Stone Repair Diagram

44. Crete mobile The trailer-mounted crete mobile carries the cement, sand, and coarse aggregates in divided bins on the unit. Sand and aggregates are proportioned accurately by weight or volume with cement mixture and water and mixed. The mixing process will proceed until the aggregate bins are empty. Material feed to project can be stopped and started at any point to allow finishing crews to continue at a steady pace.

45. Pavement Asphalt Pavements. Anchoring in asphalt pavement requires a 9.5-inch bolt and polymer. A hole 10 inches deep and 1.5 inches in diameter is drilled at the center of each predrilled mat hole. A two-part resin polymer is mixed and poured into each hole to about 0.5 inch below the surface of the pavement. An anchor bushing and bolt are immediately placed into each hole and pressed firmly (standing on the bolt and bushing) against the mat. The polymer will harden in about three minutes. Unless extra people are available, there may not be time to drill all the holes before beginning to pour the polymer

46. 106Contingency Operations PQS Question 106.3 Explain the fundamentals of a typical Battalion tent camp layout.

47. Tent Camp Layout • Tactical • Sufficient space for command dispersion • Concealment from ground and air observation • Protection from bombing and strafing attacks • Protection from mechanized attack

48. Tent Camp Layout • Sanitary • Water supply • Drainage • Shade • Access • Site not occupied by other units in last two months

49. Tent Camp Layout

50. Camp Maintenance • Inspections • Controlled inspections • Operator inspections • PM inspections