I. England’ s Imperial Stirrings

1. I. England’s Imperial Stirrings • In the 1530s Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, launching the English Protestant Reformation. • In 1558 Henry’s daughter, the Protestant Elizabeth I, became queen and established Protestantism in England.

2. II. Elizabeth Energizes England • In 1577 English semipiratical “sea dogs” under Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. • In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh landed on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island. • Virginia was named in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen.”

3. II. Elizabeth Energizes England(cont.) • In 1588 England defeated the SpanishArmada, marking the end of Spain’s imperial dreams. • After victory, the English started to become masters of the world oceans—with important consequences for the American people.

4. I. England’s Imperial Stirrings(cont.) • Catholic Ireland sought Catholic Spain’s help to throw off the new Protestant English queen. • Spanish aid amounted to little, and in the 1570s–1580s Elizabeth’s troops crushed the Irish uprising. • English soldiers developed a sneering contempt for the “savage” natives, an attitude they took to the New World.

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7. III. England on the Eve of Empire • Laws of primogeniture meant that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. • By the early 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected.

8. IV. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • 1603: James I became king of England. • 1606: Virginia Company of London received a charter to settle in the New World. • This charter is significant; guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen. • On May 24, 1607, the Virginia colony of Jamestown was founded (see Map 2.1). • John Smith was key to the colony’s survival.

9. V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake • In 1607 Chieftain Powhatan dominated the James River area. • In 1610 the Virginia Company declared war on the Powhatans. • In 1614 the First Anglo-Powhatan War ended, sealed by Pocahontas’s marriage to colonist John Rolfe—the first known interracial union in Virginia.

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11. V. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake (cont.) • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) was Indians’ last attempt to dislodge Virginians. • The Powhatans’ misfortune was the three Ds: disease, disorganization, and disposability. • “Powhatan’s Confederacy” lacked unity to oppose the disciplined whites.

12. VI. The Indians’ New World • Indigenous people’s destinies had changed. • The shock of large-scale European colonization disrupted Native American life. • Horses, diseases, trade, and the expanding Atlantic economy transformed Indian life.

13. VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco • In 1612 John Rolfe perfected tobacco culture. • Virginia’s prosperity was built on this “bewitching weed,” but King Nicotine depleted the soil. • Besides land, tobacco required lots of labor. • In 1619 a Dutch warship landed at Jamestown and sold some twenty Africans, planting the seeds of North American slavery.

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15. VII. Virginia: Child of Tobacco(cont.) • In 1619 representative self-government was born in primitive Virginia. • The House of Burgesses was an assembly or miniature parliament in the New World. • In 1624 James 1 revoked the company’s charter and Virginia became a royal colony.

16. VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven • 1634: Maryland, 2nd plantation colony, was founded by Lord Baltimore partly as a refuge for Catholics. • Resentment between Catholics and Protestants flared into open rebellion. • As in Virginia, indentured servants initially provided labor for the tobacco economy.

17. VIII. Maryland: Catholic Haven(cont.) • Lord Baltimore permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset. • In 1649 the local assembly passed the famed Act of Toleration guaranteeing toleration to all Christians. • However, it decreed the death penalty for Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus.

18. IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America • England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica in 1655. • Their economy was based on sugar. • Black slaves eventually outnumbered white settlers.

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21. IX. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America (cont.) • 1661: Barbados slave code defined slaves’ legal status and their masters’ prerogatives. • 1670: Displaced settlers from Barbados arrived in Carolina with their slaves. • 1696: Carolina adoptedthe Barbados slave code, which eventually shaped slave laws throughout the mainland.

22. X. Colonizing the Carolinas • In 1670 Carolina was created, and it formed close links with the English West Indies. • Rice emerged as its principal export crop. • Charles Town was busiest seaport in South; Carolina survived Spanish and Indian attacks.

23. XI. The Emergence of North Carolina • North Carolina has been called “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.” • “Squatters”(newcomers without legal rights to the soil) raised crops on small farms. • In 1712 North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina (see Map 2.2).

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25. XI. The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.) • North Carolina shared with tiny Rhode Island several distinctions: • Most democratic • Most independent-minded • Least aristocratic of original thirteen English colonies

26. XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony • In 1733 Georgia was founded as a buffer to protect the Carolinas. • It was named in honor of King George II of England. • Launched by a group of philanthropists, it would also serve as a haven for debtors. • Georgia was called “the Charity Colony.”

27. XII. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony (cont.) • Georgia founders wanted no slavery. • James Oglethorpe, a key founder, helped ensure the colony’s survival. • Savannah, like Charleston, became a melting-pot community. • Georgia grew more slowly than other colonies.

28. XIII. The Plantation Colonies • England’s southern mainland colonies shared: • Devotion to exporting agricultural products, mainly tobacco and rice • Slavery • Slow growth of cities • Religious toleration • A tendency to expand

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33. I. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • 1517: Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation. • John Calvin’s use of Luther’s ideas had a profound effect on the thought and character of America. • Calvinism became the dominant theological credo.

34. I. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism (cont.) • Major doctrines of Calvinism are predestination—the elect are destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment—and conversion—the receipt of God’s free gift. • Puritans: English religious reformers who wanted to purify English Christianity.

35. I. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism (cont.) • Controversy over church membership led to the Separatists breaking from the Church of England. • King James I (r. 1603–1625) threatened to harass the bothersome Separatists out of England.

36. II. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth • 1608: First Separatists fled to Holland, but over time they became distressed by the “Dutchification” of their children. • 1620: Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay. • Their Mayflower Compact was an agreement to form a government and submit to the will of the majority under some regulations.

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38. III. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth • 1629: Charles I dismissed Parliament and persecuted Puritans. • 1630: Puritans founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. • 1630s: 70,000 refugees left England during the Great Migration.

39. III. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth (cont.) • Like William Bradford in Plymouth, John Winthrop helped colony survive and prosper. • The Massachusetts Bay Colony became the biggest and most influential colony. • The first colonists believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model for all humankind, “City on a Hill.”

40. IV. Building the Bay Colony • Franchise was extended to all “freemen”—adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations. • Unchurched men remained voteless. • Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church.

41. IV. Building the Bay Colony(cont.) • John Cotton was a prominent leader in the Massachusetts “Bible Commonwealth.” • The “Protestant ethic” involved serious commitment to work and worldly pursuits. • They enjoyed simple pleasures but passed laws to repress some human instincts.

42. V. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth • Quakers, who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy, were persecuted. • Anne Hutchinson’s antinomianism carried to extremes the doctrine of predestination. • 1638: She was brought to trial, then banished. • She left for Rhode Island and then moved to New York, where she and her family were killed by Indians.

43. V. Trouble in the BibleCommonwealth (cont.) • Roger Williams was an extreme Separatist. • He challenged clergymen to make a clear break with the Church of England; • He challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter; • He challenged the civil authority to regulate religious behavior.

44. VI. The Rhode Island “Sewer” • 1636: Williams, with the aid of Indians, fled to Rhode Island. • He built a Baptist church in Providence. • He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics. • Rhode Island became the most liberal colony.

45. VI. The Rhode Island “Sewer”(cont.) • Rhode Islanders: • Exercised simple manhood suffrage. • Achieved remarkable freedom of opportunity.

46. VII. New England Spreads Out • The fertile Connecticut River area attracted a sprinkling of Dutch and English settlers. • 1639: Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders wasa modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens.

47. VII. New England Spreads Out(cont.) • 1677: Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts. • 1641: New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay Colony. • 1679: King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it a royal colony.

48. VIII. Puritans Versus Indians • Before Pilgrims arrived in 1620, an epidemic killed over 75% of the native people. • Wampanoag Indians befriended the settlers. • 1621: Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims. • 1621: The first Thanksgiving was celebrated. • Expanding settlement increased tensions. • 1637: Hostilities between Indians and whites exploded in the brutal Pequot War.

49. VIII. Puritans Versus Indians(cont.) • Four decades of uneasy peace followed. • A few Puritan “praying towns” were established to Christianize remaining Indians. • 1675: Massasoit’s son Metacom (King Philip) forged intertribal alliance to resist settlers. • 1675–1676: King Philip’s War slowed English settlement for a time, but overall inflicted a lasting defeat on Indians in New England.

50. IX. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence • 1643: Four colonies formed New England Confederation. • Its primary aim was defense against foes. • Its members were the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and scattered valley colonies.