1 / 50

Histology Techniques (CLS 322)

Histology Techniques (CLS 322). Dr. Samah Kotb Nasr Eldeen. Topics were covered in theoretical part. Introduction To Histological Techniques. Different histological methods Fixation. Topics were covered in practical part. Lab safety. Different histological methods Fixation.

Download Presentation

Histology Techniques (CLS 322)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Histology Techniques(CLS 322) Dr. Samah Kotb Nasr Eldeen

  2. Topics were covered in theoreticalpart • Introduction To Histological Techniques. • Different histological methods • Fixation

  3. Topics were covered in practical part • Lab safety. • Different histological methods • Fixation

  4. Introduction To Histological Techniques

  5. Introduction to histology Definition of histology: Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs.

  6. Histotechnology • In the past manual methods were used; but histotechnology has now advanced to a paramedical science of automation and advanced techniques to help the pathologist in diagnosis.

  7. Histotechnologist should not only know what to do; but should also know the principle and the theory of what he or she is doing.

  8. Techniques These techniques are :

  9. Surgical Specimen

  10. Taking Samples

  11. Fixation

  12. Clearing

  13. Embedding

  14. Sectioning

  15. Picking up sections

  16. Microscope slide preparation

  17. Staining

  18. Cover Slipping

  19. Reporting

  20. Different histological methods

  21. There are 3 main techniques which are used in preparing microscopical sections from tissues: • The paraffin technique (It is the most common method) • The celloidin technique (It is the most perfect method) • The freezing technique (It is the most rapid method)

  22. Specimen Accessioning • Tissue specimens received in the surgical pathology laboratory have a request form that lists the patient information and history along with a description of the site of origin.

  23. The specimens are accessioned by giving them a number that will identify each specimen for each patient.

  24. Gross examination • Tissues removed from the body for diagnosis arrive in the Pathology Department and are examined by a pathologist, pathology assistant, or pathology resident.

  25. Gross examination consists of describing the specimen and placing all or parts of it into a small plastic cassette which holds the tissue while it is being processed to a paraffin block. Initially, the cassettes are placed into a fixative.

  26. …Gross examination • Note: • When a malignancy is suspected, then the specimen is often covered with ink in order to mark the margins of the specimen. • Different colored inks can be used to identify different areas if needed. • When sections are made and processed, the ink will mark the actual margin on the slide.

  27. The paraffin Technique Washing • Following fixation, the tissues should be washed from 15 to 30 minutes. The fixed tissues are washed in running tap water to remove the fixative from them.

  28. ...The paraffin Technique Dehydration • Wet fixed tissues (in aqueous solutions) cannot be directly infiltrated with paraffin. • First, the water from the tissues must be removed by dehydration. • This is usually done with a series of alcohols; say 70% to 95% to 100%.

  29. The organic solvent must replace the water gradually to preventturbulence at the interface between water and pure ethanol • Turbulence could cause damage or distortion to cellular components. • Sometimes the first step is a mixture of formalin and alcohol.

  30. …The paraffin technique Clearing • The next step is called "clearing" and consists of removal of the dehydrant with a substance that will be miscible with the embedding medium (paraffin). • The commonest clearing agent is xylene. • Toluene works well, and is more tolerant of small amounts of water left in the tissues, but is 3 times more expensive than xylene.

  31. Chloroform used to be used, but is a health hazard, and is slow. • Methyl salicylate is rarely used because it is expensive, but it smells nice (it is oil of wintergreen). • Excessive exposure to clearing reagents may cause excessive hardness or shrinkage.

  32. …The paraffin technique Impregnation in paraffin • The tissues are put from 6 – 24 hours in hot soft paraffin at 50°C, then in hot hard paraffin at 55 °C in the oven. The paraffin will penetrate in-between the cells of the tissues. This process of paraffin infiltration is a necessary step to harden the tissues before their embedding.

  33. …The paraffin technique Embedding • Finally, the tissue is infiltrated with the embedding agent, almost always paraffin. • Nearly 100 years ago, the method of embedding tissues in paraffin was developed • Paraffin is a derivative of crude petroleum. It is a group of variable length, long-chainhydrocarbons of the methane series. • Most paraffinssuitable as embedding media melt between 52° and 58°C. • Since most paraffin have a melting point between 52-58°C, it must infiltrate the cells while it is hot.

  34. The freezing Technique • In this method, the fresh or fixed tissues are frozen hardened and cut with a freezing microtome in the cryostat apparatus within few minutes • It is a quick and simple method which is commonly used during operations for rapid diagnosis of tumors e.g. carcinoma • The chemistry of tissues is preserved because we use no heat and no chemical solvents

  35. Can be used in Histochemistry to demonstrate enzymes and chemical components of tissues. • Disadvantage: It gives not-serial thick sections which may fragment into small pieces, so they are very difficult to be stained and to be stored.

  36. Fixation

  37. WHAT is fixation? Fixation is a process by which the internal constituents of tissue are preserved.

  38. The aim of fixation • General aim: preservation of the shape, structure, and chemical constituents of the tissue. • Specific aim: • To prevent autolysis (self – destruction). • Prevent putrefaction (bacterial attack). • Harden of the tissue.

  39. Simple Fixative • Made of one chemical substance. • Example: • Formaldehyde. • Chromic Acid. • Acetone. • Ethyl Alcohol. • Picric Acid. • Acetic Acid. • Mercuric Chloride. • Osmic Acid.

  40. Compound Fixatives • Made of two or more of the simple fixatives. Classified into: • 1. Micro-anatomical fixatives • 2. Cytological fixatives • 3. Histochemical fixatives • 4. Electron Microscope fixatives

  41. Other Techniques of Fixation • Vapour Fixation • Freeze Drying • Freeze substitution

  42. Factors affect fixation

  43. Factors affect fixation: • pH. • Temperature. • Penetration of fixative. • Volume of tissue. According to previous factors we can determine the concentration of fixative and fixation time.

  44. Effective of bad fixation • Nucleus: • Pyknosis. • Karryorhosis. • Karryolysis.

  45. Cytoplasm: • Vaculation • Granulation.

More Related