Organ Systems Overview

1. Organ Systems Overview

2. So far you have learned • How to use a microscope and draw cell diagrams • Cell theory • Names of organelles within a cell • Functions of organelles within a cell • How cells divide (mitosis) • What happens when cell division goes wrong (cancer) • A few facts about cloning and regeneration of cells

3. Now for the bigger picture Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Organs Organ systems Living organism

4. How do cells form organs? • When you were first conceived all your cells were undifferentiated “stem cells” • Your DNA in each cell contained the information for most of your cells to differentiate into “specialized cells” becoming muscle cells, neurons, skin cells etc. • As an adult you still have “stem cells” but not nearly as many

5. You have many organs in your body • Heart • Lungs • Liver • Kidney • Skin • Eyes • Etc....

6. Organs in Organ Systems • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Respiratory • Digestive • Skin, Hair & Nails • Lymph & Immunity • Urinary • Reproductive

7. Skeletal System • Makes up 20% of the body’s weight • Without this inner framework all the other parts and tissues would collapse • The average skeleton has 206 bones • There are natural variations (5% of the population has an extra rib)

8. Skeletal System

9. Skeletal System • Cartilage is a tough form of connective tissue • Cartilage is converted into bone • Arteries veins and nerves run through the middle of long bones • The point where two bones meet is called a joint • The skull is made up of 29 bones, 21 are fused

10. Skeletal system • The spine is made up of 5 main regions

11. Skeletal System • The spine consists of 35 ring like bones called vertebrae • The bottom 9 are fused into two larger bones called the sacrum and the coccyx • Between the bones of each joint is a disk of tough springy cartilage • Ligaments and Muscles around the spine provide stability and control movement

12. Skeletal System Disorders • Fractures • Disk Prolapse • Osteoporosis • Ligament Injuries • Torn Cartilage • Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis

13. Muscular System • The muscles are responsible for movement • They contract and pull on bones • The typical male has 640 muscles (40% of bodyweight) • Muscles get smaller at the ends (tendons) and are attached to bones

14. Muscular System

15. Muscular System • There are three main types of muscle tissue • Skeletal • Smooth • Cardiac

16. Muscular System

17. Muscle & Tendon Disorders • Muscle Strains & Tears • Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis • Ruptured Tendon • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

18. Nervous System • Every second, millions of chemical and electrical signals travel around the brain • If nerves are damaged, repair may be slow or impossible

19. Nervous System

20. Nervous System • Three main parts • Central nervous system (brain & spine) • Peripheral nervous system (branch out to the body) • Autonomic nervous system (heart rate and blood pressure etc. in which we have no control)

21. Nervous System • Nerve cells or neurons are highly specialized

22. Nervous System • When nerve cells are stimulated they undergo chemical changes that produce tiny waves of electricity (nerve impulses) • Information is conveyed throughout the nervous system as nerve impulses (0.1 Volts lasting one millisecond) • When impulses reach a synapse they trigger chemicals which stimulate the receiving neuron to impulse

23. Nervous System • The brain and spinal cord regulates non-conscious processes and coordinates voluntary movement • Memories, thoughts and emotions • Smell taste and touch • Ears, hearing and balance • Eyes and vision

24. Nervous System Disorders • Stroke • Dementia • Migraine • Brain infections • Spina Bifida • Multiple Sclerosis • Deafness • Focusing Problems • Glaucoma

25. Endocrine System • Hormones produced from endocrine glands carry essential messages • Control processes for the single cell to the body’s rate of growth and development • Hormones target specific tissues to regulate their activities

26. Endocrine System • Testis • Ovaries • Heart • Pituitary gland • Hypothalamus • Thyroid gland • Pineal gland • Thymus gland • Adrenal gland • Kidney • Stomach • Pancreas • Intestines • Skin

27. Endocrine System

28. Endocrine System • The pituitary is the most influential gland in the endocrine system • Melanin pigment for skin • Control stress response and body’s use of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and minerals • Affects metabolism through the thyroid • Growth hormone • Water retention in the body through kidneys • Uterine muscles, sex glands, and mammary glands

29. Endocrine Disorders • Pituitary tumours • Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism • Diabetes

30. Cardiovascular System • Also called the circulatory system • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to all body cells • Removes carbon dioxide and wastes

31. Cardiovascular System

32. Cardiovascular System • The heart works as a double pump • Oxygenated blood is moved to the body cells throughout the body in arteries • Carbon dioxide and wastes are transferred into the blood stream and removed through veins • Deoxygenated blood is then pumped to lungs • Oxygenated blood is returned to heart

33. Cardiovascular System Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins (Oxygenated blood) (Gas exchange)(Deoxygenated blood)

34. Cardiovascular System

35. Cardiovascular Disorders • Heart Attack • Angina • Atherosclerosis • Valve Disorders • Embolism • Thrombosis • Arrhythmia • Hypertension

36. Respiratory System

37. Respiratory System • Supply all body cells with oxygen and removing wastes • Air enters the lungs from the trachea into two main airways (bronchi) • Bronchi branch out into bronchioles until ending in air exchange sacs called alveoli

38. Respiratory Disorders • Common Cold • Influenza • Acute Bronchitis • Asthma • Lung Cancer • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

39. Skin, Hair and Nails • One of the largest organs in the body weighing 3-4 kg with a surface area of 2m2 • Skin is a thin water proof covering varying in thickness from 0.5 mm to 5 mm • Contains sensors, sweat glands & blood vessels • Hairs are rods of dead cells filled with keratin • Fingernails and toenails are hard plates of keratin (a protein)

40. Skin Disorders • Rashes • Mole • Cyst • Acne • Bacterial Infections

41. Immune System • White Blood Cells in the bloodstream attack germs in the body • Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes which filter and remove germs out of the body

42. Immune System • Allergies • Immunization • HIV /AIDS

43. Digestive System • The digestive system breaks down food to extract nutrients and dispose of waste materials • Food can take up to 24 hours to be digested and eliminated

44. Digestive System • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small Intestine • Large Intestine • Anus

45. Digestive System • Food is broken down into small molecules that can be absorbed into the body in the small intestine • What cannot be digested is compacted as feces in the large intestine and eliminated through the anus

46. Digestive System • The salivary glands produce spit with enzymes to break down starch and lubricates food • The pancreas produces digestive juices • The liver processes absorbed nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances • The liver also produces bile to breakdown fats • The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver

47. Digestive Disorders • Peptic Ulcers • Gastritis • Hiatus Hernia • Alcoholic Liver Disease • Portal Hypertension • Gallstones • Pancreatitis • Diverticular Disease • Colorectal Cancer

48. Excretory System • Waste products from cells are removed from the blood through the excretory or urinary system • The regulation of the volume, acidity, salinity, concentration of body fluids are regulated by the excretory system • The kidneys monitor what they release into the urine

49. Urinary System • Urinary system is composed of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and a urethra

50. The Urinary System