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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Review and Discussion. Invasions of Europe, 700–1000. More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars. The Early Middle Ages. Rome Disappears Trade Slows Towns Empty Learning Ceases. Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. Roman law

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Review and Discussion

  2. Invasions of Europe, 700–1000 More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars.

  3. The Early Middle Ages • Rome Disappears • Trade Slows • Towns Empty • Learning Ceases

  4. Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. • Roman law • was replaced with laws practiced by Germanic peoples. • Economy • The economy was transformed as cities and urban areas declined. • use of currency as a medium of exchange became far less common. • Germanic decentralization • created a need for local self-sufficiency. • That need helped create the self-contained manor, with its corresponding political, economic, and social organization.

  5. How did Feudalism begin? • People joined together to work against common problems. • Problems included: • Foreign invaders (Vikings) • lack of currency • lack of trade • food shortages.

  6. Within the Feudal system… • There were many smaller feudal states • Usually they were located around a castle (a Keep) or church. • Consisted of: • Farmers • Laborers • Craftsmen

  7. The Feudal System Classes • As a self-sufficient state (meaning there was little trade with outsiders), a culture developed within the feudal states. • Four (4) main classes developed: • Lords/Ladies • Lesser Lords (vassals) • Knights • Serfs/Peasants

  8. Feudal System • Need for protection and lack of central government created the feudal system • Under the feudal system, every person had obligations to a superior   • Every person had a duty to someone else.  

  9. The Lord and Lady • Were rulers of their small feudal state, and gave allegiance to the monarch. • Lived in a castle, which also served as a fortress for that feudal state. • Protected the serfs with their army of knights. • Arranged marriages, and male heirs were desired, since the estate went to the oldest son. • This was not necessarily easy, many children died before the age of 15 due to disease or accidents.

  10. Lesser Lords (Vassals) • Lord divided his larger landholdings among Vassals • In return the Vassals pledged service to the Lord • Agreed to provide the lord with: • 40 days of military service each year • Money • Advice

  11. Knights • Were members of the feudal army. • One job: Protect the state, and the lord and lady in charge of it. • They had many different weapons: • Mace (club) • Morning Star (spiked mace) • War Hammer • Battle Ax • Daggers • Lances (used more often in tournaments)

  12. Serfs • Like the middle class here, serfs were the vast majority in the feudal states, but they were poorer. • They were not slaves, but were farmers who owed some of their production to the feudal state. • In return, they received protection from the knights.

  13. Feudal Manor

  14. Medieval Homes • Most medieval homes were cold, damp, and dark. • For security purposes, windows, when they were present, were very small openings with wooden shutters that were closed at night or in bad weather. • Many peasant families ate, slept, and spent time together in very small quarters, rarely more than one or two rooms.

  15. Age of Charlemagne

  16. Charles the Great

  17. Charlemagne: 800 CEThe Father of Europe • Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe. • Try to revived Latin learning in his empire and strived to create a “second Rome.” • Established a central government over Western Europe (forerunner to the Holy Roman Empire)

  18. It included Northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, and France)

  19. Then Charlemagne Dies • His son Louis the Pious rules until his death and then the Empire is divided into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun (843). • Muslims claim the “Holy Land” and Mediterranean islands like Corsica and Sicily • Coronation of Otto I (Great) in 962 • Officially recognized as Holy Roman Empire • Lasted until 1806

  20. Timeline • Western Europe secured its borders against invaders and grew economically • 1066-Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in. • 1076- Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV • 1096- Christians launch first crusade • 1215-King John signs the Magna Carta • 1226- Louis IX becomes King of France • 1347- Black Death breaks out in Italy • 1429- Joan of Arc leads French armies against the English • 1492- Spanish complete Reconquista

  21. The Magna Carta • Many Kings in England around the 10th - 12th centuries were abusing their power and highly taxing their nobles. • In 1215 King John angered his nobles so much that they forcibly made John sign a document called the Magna Carta (or Great Charter) • Contained two basic ideas that would shape English govt. • Nobles had certain rights (later this was extended to all citizens) • Made clear that the monarch must obey the law.

  22. Modern Liberties Founded in the Magna Carta • Taxation only with representation • -no unusual taxes accept by agreement of people’s representatives • Right to trial • -trial to be proven guilty by peers • Limits to royal power • English subjects had certain liberties • power was shared between the king and the people’s representatives in the Great Council • Parliament developed into a 2 house body • House of Lords -nobles and clergy • House of Commons -knights and middle class

  23. Conflicts between rulers and Emperors • Many German emperors tried to become more powerful than the pope. • This cause the pope to sometimes send an interdict- a whole community would be excommunicated from the church. • Many rulers gave into this pressure.

  24. Logic vs Faith…The rivalry • Aristotle= Use Logic to find out the Truth • Church= Use Faith to find out the truth • Others found a way to merge the 2 together It is called “Scholasticism”

  25. Byzantine Empire to 1000

  26. How did the development of the Byzantine Empire differ from the development of western Europe? • The Byzantine Empire • was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and tradition. • centralized control whereas western European institutions were decentralized. • The Byzantine emperors • exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and religious power in one person Foreign threats • Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim expansion. • The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople itself was captured by the Ottomans in 1453.

  27. Sum it up:Justinian’s Achievements • Recapture Roman Lands • Architecture • Hagia Sophia • Bridges • Civil Law Code: influenced civil law in the west Procopius: Secret History: Justinian

  28. More Hagia Sophia

  29. Roman Christianity • Pope controlled Church affairs • People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians • Clergy prohibited from marrying • Latin was language of the Church

  30. Christianity in East and West: Great Schism • 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a schism, or permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. • Disagreed on • Sacrament of communion, priest should marry, local language, nature of god (trinity), placement of icons

  31. Review the Reasons for Decline

  32. Crusades, 1096–1204

  33. The Crusades (1096-1099) • Muslims conquered the Holy land. (Jerusalem) • Pope Urban II called nobles to action against the Muslims: “ An accursed race… has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” After he said this he called for a crusade or Holy war to take back the Holy land.

  34. Crusades • Soon thousands of knights were on their way to The Holy Land. • On their tunics and shields they sewed crosses • Why did so many “take up the cross?” • Religious reasons • Knights hoped to win wealth and land • adventure and to get away from home struggles

  35. Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 • Pope Innocent III called for the crusade • Few reached the Holy Lands most attacked Constantinople • After 200 years of fighting, the Holy Land was again Muslim control!

  36. Children’s Crusade, 1212 • 30,000 French and German children set out to save Jerusalem! • Sadly, most die or are sold in slavery by evil merchants!

  37. Impact of the Crusades • The Crusades failed in their chief goal- reclaiming the holy lands. • Both Christians and Muslims committed appalling acts in the name of religion. • Christians turned their fury against Jews, massacring entire communities. • Helped change Europe to more of a trading society. Western Europeans wanted the silk, spices and perfumes from the east. • Brought the power of the pope to its greatest height. • Encouraged a money society • Gave serfs more power because nobles needed rent MONEY instead of grain for pay

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