The Human Brain: A Guided Tour

1. Melissa Scott Mountain Brook High School 3650 Bethune Drive Birmingham, AL 35223 scottme@mtnbrook.k12.al.us http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=947314193225575812&q=getty+images+brain&total=73&start=50&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=5 The Human Brain: A Guided Tour

2. The Brain Home Page Links to Assignments Cerebrum Meninges Cerebellum Ventricles Diencephalon Brainstem Quit Videos http://www.fi.edu/brain/images/mri_brain.jpg Sheep Brain Dissection Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

3. Links to Assignments Steps to complete assignment- Assemble Brain Model (Instructions) Work on PowerPoint/Labeling Model Go Over Brain Models- Hand In! Begin Sheep Brain Dissection Identify Parts of Sheep Brain in dissection practical Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

4. Videos Links to video cross sections of brain- http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4314345594047133804&q=brain&hl=en http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4256611597399317165&q=brain&hl=en Link to visual stimuli and the brain- http://video.yahoo.com/video/play?p=brain&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&b=21&oid=5fb95c163cbb858c&rurl=oldwww.internet2.edu&vdone=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.yahoo.com%2Fvideo%2Fsearch%3Fp%3Dbrain%26toggle%3D1%26cop%3Dmss%26ei%3DUTF-8%26b%3D21 Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

5. Cerebrum Gray Matter White Matter Surface Features Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) http://cfs1.tistory.com/upload_control/download.blog?fhandle=YmxvZzE1Njk4QGZzMS50aXN0b3J5LmNvbTovYXR0YWNoLzEyLzEyMTUuanBn Size and the Cerebrum Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

6. Cerebrum Ha! Ha! Size and the Cerebrum Does a bigger brain mean you are smarter? The debate is still on. It seems that the higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique anatomy. What do you call a brain without a 100 billion neurons? A no brainer http://media3.guzer.com/pictures/homers_brain.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

7. Cerebrum White Matter Portion of the cerebrum that is composed of bundles of nerve fibers, myelinated so that it appears white. These are on the deep portion of the brain, including the corpus callosum. http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain-images/white_matter.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

8. Cerebrum Ha! Ha! Gray Matter The cell bodies of neurons in the cerebrum. Located primarily on the superficial surface of the cerebrum- the cerebral cortex. Also, several groups of gray matter are buried deep within the cerebrum. What does a brain wear in a rainstorm? A waterproof CORTEX jacket. http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain-images/graymatter.jpg Click Here! Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

9. Cerebrum Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Several islands of gray matter, cell bodies of neurons. They are the processing link between thalamus and motor cortex. They initiate and direct voluntary movement and help with balance and postural reflexes. Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea, both diseases of muscular control difficulties, stem from problems in the basal nuclei. http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain-images/basal_nuclei.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

10. Surface Features of the Cerebrum Cerebrum Right Hemisphere Gyri Left Hemisphere Sulci Corpus Callosum Fissures Functional Areas Lobes Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

11. Gyri Surface Features The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebrum. Precentral gyrus http://www.neuropat.dote.hu/anastru/half5f.gif Postcentral gyrus (Colored portions in diagram to left) Microsoft Clipart Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

12. Sulci Central sulcus- Separates frontal and parietal lobes Surface Features The shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum that separate the gyri. Microsoft Clipart Lateral sulcus- defines temporal lobe Feelin’ groovy! (“Lines” on diagram above) http://www2.umdnj.edu/~neuro/studyaid/Practical2000/Q30_parieto-occipital_sulcus.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

13. Fissures Surface Features Deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum. Longitudinal fissure- divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres Helps to divide the cerebrum into lobes. http://www.humannervoussystem.info/_images/cerebralhemispheres.gif Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

14. Surface Features Corpus Callosum Connects the right and left hemispheres and allows for communication between the hemispheres. Forms roof of the lateral and third ventricles. Band of myelinated nerve fibers. (Label on Sagittal Section diagram) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/8753.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

15. Surface Features Ha! Ha! Right Hemisphere Controls left side of body. Processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide "holistic" picture of one's environment. Visual spatial skills. Dancing and gymnastics are coordinated by the right hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory, visual and spatial modalities. http://alphatel.waika9.com/brain1.gif For right-brainers What did the right hemisphere say to the left hemisphere when they could not agree on anything? Lets split! To see if you are right or left hemispheredominant, try these tests- http://www.mtsu.edu/~studskl/hd/hemispheric_dominance.html http://www.testcafe.com/lbrb/lbrb.html Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

16. Surface Features Left Hemisphere Controls right side of body. Systematic, logical interpretation of information. Interpretation and production of symbolic information. Language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning. Memory stored in a language format. http://www.brainchannels.com/evolution/evolutionmedia/topbrain.jpg For left-brainers To see if you are right or left hemisphere dominant, try these tests- http://www.mtsu.edu/~studskl/hd/hemispheric_dominance.html http://www.testcafe.com/lbrb/lbrb.html Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

17. Lobes of the Cerebrum Surface Features Parietal Frontal Occipital Frontal Lobotomy Microspft Clipart Temporal Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

18. Frontal Lobe http://www.rainbowrehab.com/images/brain300x300.jpg Lobes Ha! Ha! Responsible for conscious thought, cognition and memory. Controls the ability to concentrate, higher intellectual reasoning, aggression, judgment, and inhibition. Plays a role in personality and emotional traits. What did the parietal say to the frontal? I lobe you! Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

19. Lobes Frontal Lobotomy In the early 1900’s, removal of the frontal lobe or disconnecting its pathways to the limbic system, was a treatment for psychiatric patients. This pacified the patients, but made them void of emotion, personality, and volition. The severe side effects and dangerous nature of the operation has caused psychiatrists to seek other methods to treat patients who suffered from aggression. http://www.idiom.com/~drjohn/lobot1.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

20. Temporal Lobe http://www.ebr.lib.la.us/teens/images/reminderindexfinger.gif Lobes Receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing and plays an important role in memory. http://www.rainbowrehab.com/images/brain300x300.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

21. Parietal Lobe Lobes Ha! Ha! Responsible for processing of sensory input and sensory discrimination. Plays a part in body orientation. What happens when you bother the parietal lobe? It gets a little touchy! http://www.rainbowrehab.com/images/brain300x300.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

22. Occipital Lobe Lobes Primary visual reception and interpretation area. http://www.rainbowrehab.com/images/brain300x300.jpg Microsoft Clipart Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

23. Functional Areas of the Cerebrum Surface Features Speech/language area Gustatory area Frontal association area Frontal eye field General interpretation area Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Primary motor area Visual area Premotor area http://www.vahttp://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/001/1002-150x150.jpgzka.sk/images/cerebrum.gif Somatic sensory area Olfactory area Auditory area Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

24. Functional Areas Wernicke’s Area Located in the left superior and posterior portion of the temporal lobe. Understanding and comprehension of spoken language. It is connected by nervous pathways to Broca’s area (for motor speech) and the auditory area (for hearing). http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/wern.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

25. Frontal Eye Field Part of the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe. It coordinates and maintains eye and head movements, gaze shifts, and visual reactions to auditory and tactile (touch) stimuli. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/News/news/dec00/nr14a/Oops1.jpg Functional Areas Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

26. Primary Motor Area Functional Areas Located on the precentral gyrus (posterior region of the frontal lobe). Allows conscious movement of skeletal muscles. The axons of the motor neurons here form the pyramidal, or corticospinal tract. http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/~belov/brain/motorcor2.gif Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

27. Premotor Area http://www.colorado.edu/kines/Class/IPHY3730/image/figure9-12.jpg Functional Areas Located anterior to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe. Responsible for perception as well as in preparing the commands that result in physical movement (links input with output). Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

28. Frontal Association Area Functional Areas Located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe. Plans behavior and facilitates working memory. Control of attention, emotional expression, creativity, physical drive and inhibition. http://www.duboislc.org/EducationWatch/JCameron/images/frontallobes.gif Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

29. Broca’s Area Functional Areas Located in the inferior portion of the frontal lobe anterior to the premotor area. Controls movements of the lips, jaws, and tongue for speech. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/slbroca.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

30. Olfactory Area Functional Areas Ha! Ha! Located in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe. Involved with integration of smell. Microsoft Clipart Why does your nose like to be in the middle of your face? It likes to be the scenter of attention. http://www.tcnj.edu/~cathcar2/brain.gif Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

31. Auditory Area Functional Areas Responsible for processing information related to hearing. http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/sensorycortices.GIF Microsoft Clipart Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

32. Somatic Sensory Area Functional Areas Located in the anterior portion of the parietal lobe. Processes tactile senses- pain, temperature, touch. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sensory_cortex The homunculus shown to the left demonstrates the relationship of features and their number of sensory receptors by size. http://www.stillthinking.biz/thefabricmonkblog/Images/homunculus_sensory.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

33. Gustatory Area Functional Areas Ha! Ha! Inferior region of parietal lobe. Responsible for taste. http://nanonline.org/nandistance/mtbi/ClinNeuro/pics/bodyschema.JPG What book did Gus Tation write? Tasty Treats for Your Tongue Microspft Clipart Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

34. Speech Language Area Functional Areas Responsible for incorporating words into verbal output. http://www.exn.ca/news/images/1999/06/18/19990618-parietallobe.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

35. General Interpretation Area Functional Areas Overlaps the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Association of cumulative information from senses. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/images/Broca-Wernicke.gif Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

36. Visual Area VISUAL AREA http://www.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/news/11/brain/occipital.jpg Functional Areas Located in the posterior portion of the occipital lobe. Processes vision. Microspft Clipart Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

37. Brainstem The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Most of the cranial nerves arise from the brainstem. The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain. Midbrain Pons Reticular Formation Medulla Oblongata http://www.conradsimon.org/images/myel-230.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

38. Midbrain Brainstem Located on the superior portion of the brainstem. Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres. Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum Auditory and Visual reflex centers. Midbrain Corpora quadrigemina- posterior portion of the midbrain separated by the cerebral aqueduct. Controls reflexes for vision and hearing. http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/VanDeGraff/Figures/Chap11/midbrain%20ant.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

39. Pons Brainstem Located in the middle of the brainstem. Respiratory center that controls rate and depth of breathing. Pons http://rad.usuhs.mil/rad/herniation/herniajpgs/Slide20.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

40. Medulla Oblongata Brainstem Ha! Ha! Located in the inferior portion of the brainstem. Crossing of motor tracts. Controls heart rate, blood pressure and breathing.  Centers for coughing, gagging, swallowing, and vomiting are located here. http://iupucbio2.iupui.edu/anatomy/images/Chapt15/FG15_20.jpg Who wrote the book “The Importance of the Medulla? Y.U. Breathe Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

41. Reticular Formation Brainstem Located throughout the posterior portion of the brainstem. Controls motor activities of visceral organs. http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-reticular.jpg Controls sleep/wake cycles. Damage to this area may result in coma. Plays a role in alertness, fatigue, and motivation to perform various activities. Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

42. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary Bodies Epithalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland http://health-pictures.com/images/Diencephalon.jpg Limbic System Optic Chiasm Olfactory Bulb Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

43. Diencephalons Hypothalamus Located inferior to and slightly anterior to the thalamus. Controls regulation of metabolism, temperature, and water and electrolyte balance. Holds many set points in homeostasis. http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain-images/hypothalamus.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

44. Diencephalons Limbic System Olfactory pathways: Amygdala and their different pathways. Hippocampus and its different pathways. Sex, rage, fear; emotions. Integration of recent memory, biological rhythms. http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/limbic_system.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

45. Pituitary Gland Diencephalons Located inferior to the hypothalamus. It secretes many hormones controlling growth, development, and puberty. http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/PituitaryGland.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

46. Mammillary Bodies Diencephalons Located inferior to the hypothalamus. It is the reflex center for smell. http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/neuro/server/slides/A2_24_MN.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

47. Epithalamus Diencephalons Located posterior to the thalamus. Houses the pineal gland. http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/med532/epithala.htm Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

48. Thalamus Diencephalons Located directly superior to the midbrain. It relays incoming messages to the proper centers of the brain. http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ltm/images/thalamus-lateral.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

49. Pineal Gland Diencephalons Located posterior to the thalamus in the epithalamus. Produces melatonin. Melatonin helps to regulate circadian rhythms (daily and seasonal cycles of sleep and wakefulness) and boosts immune function. Converts signals from the nervous system into an endocrine signal. http://www.howcomyoucom.com/images/PinealLocation.jpg Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.

50. Olfactory Bulb Diencephalons Located on the underside of each frontal lobe. Contain the cell bodies of olfactory receptor neurons and the nerve tracts connecting it to the olfactory cortex. http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1998/106-12/focusfig-brain.GIF Melissa Scott, Mountain Brook H.S.