The consequences of expansion

1. The consequences of expansion Negative • Too much new territory would be hard to rule • Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers to abandon or sell their land (some worked as tenant farmers) • Slaves took agricultural jobs, many former farmers went to Rome and were underemployed (Irony?) • New foreign grain also drove the price of Italian grain down (Irony) • Division between rich and poor became more sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into Latifundia • All of these led to new political, social and economic problems

2. The Decline of the Republic • The abundance of unemployed citizens allowed for the rise of ambitious men • Romans were no longer dedicated to civic duty, hard work and simplicity • Now Rome was guided by corruption, greed and personal gain

3. The Gracchus Brothers • Plebian brothers who became Tribunes and attempted reform in the late republic • Socialism? • Fixed grain price • Redistribute land • They were both murdered by the Senate because they were a threat

4. The Rise of Military Dictators • Marius and Sulla • Gaius Marius: elected Consul in 107 BC used the army as a tool of his ambition • Was the first to use volunteers for his army (now clients of General no longer a civic duty) • Lucius Cornelia Sulla: Began as a subordinate of Marius they began a civil war over a command in Asia Minor • Sulla wins but in the process brings his army into the city of Rome

5. The First Triumvirate • Pompey, Crassus and Caesar • Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) • Was only 28 when he was given command of an army in Spain (77 BC) • Marcus Licinius Crassus • An ambitious Senator who gained power and fame by defeating the slave army of Spartacus in 73 BC • 70 BC both of these men demanded special honor and election to Consulship • Opened the floodgates for attacks on the power of the Senate

6. The First Triumvirate • Gaius Julius Caesar • Noble birth (Venus?) • Allied with Crassus in the 60’s BC to gain military commands (Governor of Spain) • Upon his return he strikes up the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus • Elected Consul in 59 BC and then moves on to rule Gaul for 5 years

7. The Rise Julius Caesar • By 50 BC JC had 13 legions • After the death of Crassus in 53 BC Pompey (now sole Consul) began working against JC in Rome • The Senate cut short his appointment and asked him to return to Rome without his armies • When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC he began a civil war against Pompey’s army • By 45 BC he is victorious and ruled Rome as dictator

8. The Reforms of Julius Caesar • Julian Calendar • Relocated 80,000 poor • Reorganized local government • Increased Senate to 900 • Extended citizenship off the peninsula • All power was his (consul, tribune, priest, military, the courts)

9. The Death of Julius Caesar • March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the Senate (Cassius and Brutus) • They had no real plan and al they created was 13 years of civil war that will lead the end of the Republic

10. The Second Triumvirate • Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus • Goal: To avenge the death of Caesar • They are eventually victorious in Macedonia • No real plan either split the Rome 3 ways • Lepidus (Africa) • Antony (East) • Octavian (West)

11. Antony and Cleopatra • Antony married Cleopatra in 37 BC (divorced Octavia) • She claimed that her son was actually the heir to JC not Octavian • Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle of Actium in 33 BC • Octavian was now the master of all of Rome