1 - Early Computing and Electronic Computing

1. 1 - Early Computing and Electronic Computing CS 1 Introduction to Computers and Computer Technology Rick Graziani Fall 2018

2. Computer Science • Computer Science: The discipline that seeks to build a scientific foundation for such topics as: • computer design • computer programming • information processing • algorithmic solutions of problems Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

3. What is a computer? A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process) information from one form to another. Do exactly as they are told. Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 3

4. Role of Algorithms • Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed • Program: A representation of an algorithm • Programming: The process of developing a program • Software: Programs and algorithms • Hardware: Equipment used to input information (data) and output the results of the programs, algorithms. Hardware Software Programming Program Algorithm Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

5. An algorithm for a magic trick Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

6. History of Algorithms • The study of algorithms was originally a subject in mathematics. • Early examples of algorithms • Long division algorithm • Euclidean Algorithm • Let’s take a look at Euclidean Algorithm • Just to see that YOU can do this stuff! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

7. The Euclidean algorithm • Euclidean algorithm (also called Euclid's algorithm) is an algorithm to determine the greatest common divisor(GCD) of two elements. • One of the oldest algorithms known, dating back to the ancient Greeks. • Greatest common divisor (GCD): The largest positive integer that divides both numbers without remainder • I.e. The largest number that can go into two numbers evenly. • Examples: • 15 and 6, the GCD is 3 • 15 / 3 = 5 6 / 3 = 2 • 48 and 40, the GCD is 8 • 48 / 8 = 6 40 / 8 = 5 Euclid, 300 BC, "The Father of Geometry“ was a Greek mathematician Euclid 200 ton dump truck Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

8. The Euclidean algorithm Step 1: • M = 15, N = 6 Step 2: • M / N • 15 / 6 = 2, R = 3 Step 3: • R <> 0 • M = 6, N = 3 Step 2: • M / N • 6 / 3 = 2, R = 0 Step 3 • R = 0 Greatest common divisor: N = 3 Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

9. The Euclidean algorithm Step 1: • M = 48, N = 40 Step 2: • M / N • ___ / ___ = __, R = __ Step 3: • R <> 0 • M = ___, N = __ Step 2: • M / N • ___ / ___ = __, R = __ Step 3 • R = __ Greatest common divisor: N = _ 8 48 40 1 40 8 8 40 5 0 0 8 Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

10. Origins of Computing Machines • Early computing devices • Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers • Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s) • Positions of gears represent numbers • Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage Pascal’s mechanical calculator - 1645 Windows Abacus Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

11. Babbage’s Difference Engine Part of the Difference Engine (below) Replica of Difference Engine (right) • Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. • The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. (Wikipedia) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

12. Augusta Ada • Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) • Mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. • She is also known as the "first programmer". • The computer language Ada, created by the U.S. Defense Department, was named after Ada Lovelace. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

13. Early Data Storage • Punched cards • First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth • Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine • Popular through the 1970’s Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

14. Jacquard loom • The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to control a sequence of operations. • Did not do computation, but important in history of computer science. • The ability to change the pattern of the loom's weave by simply changing cards • An important conceptual precursor to the development of computer programming. (Wikipedia) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

15. First Generation – Mechanical Relays

16. Mechanical Relays • The brains of early electronic computers were mechanical relays or mechanical switches. • The control wire determines whether the circuit is open or closed. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

17. Mechanical Relays • When current flows through the coil, an electromagnetic field is created, which attracts the metal arm inside the relay, snapping it shut and ….. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

18. Mechanical Relays • …. completing the circuit. • Similar to a water faucet that controls the flow of water. • Relay – electrons instead of water. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

19. Mechanical Relays • Disadvantage is the arm has “mass” which makes it slow. • About 50 times per second • Not fast enough for solving large computational problems • Wear-and-tear Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

20. Mechanical Relays 3,500 mechanical relays Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

21. “Moth found trapped between points at Relay # 70, Panel F, of the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator while it was being tested at Harvard University, 9 September 1947. • The operators affixed the moth to the computer log, with the entry: “First actual case of bug being found”. They put out the word that they had “debugged” the machine. • In 1988, the log, with the moth still taped by the entry, was in the Naval Surface Warfare Center Computer Museum at Dahlgren, Virginia. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

22. First Generation – Mechanical Relays • Needed a faster, more reliable alternative to mechanical relays. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

23. Second Generation – Vacuum Tubes • 1904 – John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic valve (vacuum tube). • Later, developed as an electronic switch… no moving parts! • Switched thousands of times per second Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

24. Second Generation – Vacuum Tubes • 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

25. Second Generation – Vacuum Tubes • The bombe UK (1939-1940s) was an electro-mechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. • The initial design of the bombe was produced in the UK by Alan Turing. • Used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) for the high speed circuits Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

26. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

27. 1946 - ENIAC • First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) • First truly general purpose computer • 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high • 5,000 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards). • Vacuum tube failures common Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

28. 1946 - ENIAC • Grace Hopper, one of the first programmers on the Mark-I and the ENAIC. • She was the developer of the programming language COBOL, says, “The Mark-1 was the first machine that assisted the power of man’s brain instead of the strength of his arm.” • ENIAC was made up of vacuum tubes, over 18,000 of them! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

29. Third Generation – Transistors • Needing greater speed and reliability, a better electronic switch was needed. • 1947 - Walter Brittain, John Bardeen, and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories • Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch • Can switch 10,000 times per second Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

30. Third Generation - Transistors Transistors were: • Solid state (solid material) • Smaller • Faster • More reliable • Less expensive Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

31. IBM 608 and 360 • 1957 - IBM 608 – First fully transistorized computer • 3,000 transistors • 4,500 additions per second Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

32. Transistors • Today’s computers use transistors that are 50 nanometers in size • Thickness of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick • Super fast – switch states millions of times per second and last for decades • Developed in “Silicon Valley” Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

33. Fourth Generation – Integrated Circuits • 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (who was later to become the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip). • An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a single sliver of silicon. • It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller device, the “microchip.” Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

34. 1960 – IBM 360 • 1 addition every billionth of a second (nanosecond), or a billion additions every second • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OdRHImbPug Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

35. Fourth Generation – Integrated Circuits ICs, chips, were: • Smaller • Faster • More reliable • Less expensive Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

36. Fifth Generation - Microprocessor • A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip. • 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip. • Intel 4004 • 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

37. IBM used it for calculators not computers • Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s first commercial product to use a microprocessor. • Used the Intel 4004 CPU. Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

38. 1975 - Altair 8800 • Ed Roberts and the first microcomputer or personal computer (for the consumer) the Altair 8800 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAhp_LzvSWk Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

39. MITS Altair 8800 • Microcomputer - a computer which has a microprocessor. • Used the Intel 8080 Microprocessor Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

40. Microprocessors Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

41. Personal Computers Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

42. Computer Basics Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

43. Embedded Computers Embedded computers – Computers found inside consumer goods in order to enhance their function. Cars today might have as many as 50 microprocessors on them. Some of the reasons for this increase in the number of microprocessors are: Meet emissions and fuel-economy standards Advanced diagnostics Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars New safety features New comfort and convenience features Sensors, wearables, medical devices, and more Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 43

44. Special Purpose Computers Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific purpose such as game system or information kiosk. ATM Skimming: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3qK46L2b_c Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 44

45. Computer is Hardware and Software Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

46. Hardware versus Software Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system. More in a moment… Much more on all of these items in later presentations! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 46

47. Hardware versus Software Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. System Software Application Software Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc. More later… Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 47

48. The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer! Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 48

49. RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) = integrated circuits (chips) used to temporarily store software (programs, instructions) and data “primary” storage for the CPU electronic switches, storing ON’s and OFF’s Temporarily stores for the CPU: Software operating system software application software Data data (documents, spreadsheets, etc.) Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 49

50. RAM RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost Inserting RAM Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 50