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Communicable Disease. Dr. SAURABH SINGH Assist. Professor Physical Education. Disease. A disease is a disturbed state of body or mind. We generally associate word disease with physical or mental sickness. The disease can be any part of the body & may or may not be curable.
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Communicable Disease Dr. SAURABH SINGH Assist. Professor Physical Education
Disease • A disease is a disturbed state of body or mind. We generally associate word disease with physical or mental sickness. • The disease can be any part of the body & may or may not be curable. • Being healthy means free of disease; both physically & mentally. • It refers to the state of body & mind which is in harmony with the surroundings or environment.
Types of disease • Congenital diseases;These disease are present at a time of work. They could be due to genetic abnormality or due to malfunctioning of any organ or system. These involves anatomical or physical defect. Ex. Colourblindness, haemophilia, anemia.
Acquired disease • The acquired disease develop after birth it is non-inheritable. • It is classified in to two types- • 1. Communicable or infectious disease. • 2. Non communicable or noninfectious disease.
Disease causing agents • Biological agents or pathogens like bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoans,etc. • Nutrient agents like minerals,carbohydrates,proteins, fats & vitamins. • Chemical agents like urea or uric acid formed in the body or pollutants, spores & pollens present in the atmosphere. • Physical agents like heat, cold, humidity, pressure, radiation etc. • Mechanical agents like friction or other mechanical forces.
Various ways of transmission of infectious diseases • Direct transmission - The pathogen reach & infect a healthy person without an intermediate agents. It could be by various means- • 1. Direct contact between the infected & healthy person. • 2. Droplet infection like sneeze, cough, spit. • 3. Contact with the soil. • 4. Bite of an animal. • Indirect transmission - By vectors.
Communicable Disease • Communicable diseases are spread by direct physical contact with an infected person or animal. • These disease can be spread from one person to another person by various means like contact, water, air, food. • These are caused by biological agents called PATHOGENS like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan etc.
Non Communicable Disease • These disease do not spread by contact. They are due to malfunctioning of any body tissue or organs. ex. Diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, cancer,allergieas, dislocation, factures etc.
Defense Mechanism of the Body • Nonspecific Defense Mechanism; these mechanism guard against the entry of microorganism in the body. These are skin, tears, saliva, the respiratory tract is lined by the mucous membrane, sweat glands, W.B.C. (neutrophils) • Specific Defense Mechanism; antibodies,
The Immune System • Humoral Immune System; It is made up of various types of antibodies which are present in the blood plasma & lymph. B-lymphocytes are responsible for Humoral Immune System. • Cell-mediated immune system; These cells recognize the body’s own cells. it also protects the body from its own cells if they become cancerous.This system is formed by T-lymphocytes.
Disease cause by Viruses • AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) • Virus- HIV (Human immuno deficiency virus) • Transmission and prevention- The three main transmission routes of HIV are sexual contact, exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to fetus or child during perinatal period. • Symptoms- night sweates & tiredness, weight loss, diarrhoea loss of appetite, tumors & lack of resistance to infection. • Mode of infection- sexual contact with an infected person. • Using contaminated needles. • By the blood to blood contact.
High Risk Groups • Homosexual man. • Bisexual man. • Male & female intravenous drug users. • Recipient of blood product. • Children born to women who carry the virus.
Chicken Pox • Virus- A paramyxovirus. • Parts of body affected- pox like marks at stomach & chest. Later they spread all over the body. • Mode of infection- High infectious childhood disease. • Symptoms- Dew-drop like rash at stomach & chest, high fever, itching. • Incubation Period- 14 to 21 days.
Prevention • Patient should be isolated • No vaccine available
Some diseases caused by Virus • Mumps • Measles • Poliomyelitis • Small pox
Disease caused by Bacteria • Tuberculosis • Whooping cough • Cholera • Leprosy • Tetanus
