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HAPPY TUESDAY!!!

Learn about the foundational years of the United States government under Presidents Washington and Adams, including their cabinets, domestic issues, the creation of the National Bank, political parties, and foreign affairs.

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HAPPY TUESDAY!!!

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  1. HAPPY TUESDAY!!! • Take out your vocab so I can check it and get ready to start a new unit!! • The following people got an “A” on the Quest: • Christina -Emily • Ritvik -Andie • Amanda • Melissa • Kyle

  2. The New Nation Washington and Adams Administrations

  3. A New Government • President: George Washington • Unanimous choice for the first president • Strong national leader • Hero of the Revolution • Encouraged nationalism- pride in one’s country • Washington created executive departments which became his first cabinet

  4. Washington’s Cabinet • Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Dealt with foreign affairs • Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton • Managed finance • Secretary of War: Henry Knox • Handled military matters • Attorney General: Edmund Randolph • Chief lawyer of the federal government

  5. Judiciary Act of 1789 • The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system but didn’t say exactly how • Set up a Supreme Court (Chief Justice and 5 associate justices), 3 federal courts and 13 federal district courts • Section 25: allowed state court decisions to be appealed when constitutionality was in question and stated that federal law was supreme

  6. Domestic Issues • Next order of business was to repay the war debt • Hamilton pushes through an excise tax- a tax on product’s manufacture, sale or distribution- will be charged on whiskey • Angered frontier farmers-whiskeymain source of cash • Hamilton proposed to pay off foreign debt 1st • Nation couldn’t truly be independent as long as they owed other nations • Also proposed that the fed. gov’t assume the debts of the states • Thought it would give states incentive to support the gov’t • Angered Southerners b/c they had already paid off most of their debts-would be taxed to pay off Northern debts

  7. Hamilton’s National Bank • Hamilton proposed the creation of the National Bank • Funded by both the fed. gov’t & wealthy private investors • The Bank of the United States would issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other gov’t funds • Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution and the “elastic clause” (Article 1 Section 8, Number 18)- “necessary and proper”

  8. Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan • James Madison claimed the bank would form an unhealthy alliance between the gov’t and wealthy business interest • Thomas Jefferson and Madison favored a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution- if it doesn’t say it in the document, you cant do it • Constitution doesn’t say anything about the National Bank

  9. Hamilton, Jefferson and Madison Compromise • Hamilton proposes that the nation’s capital be moved from NYC to Virginia • Pleased southerners, particularly Virginians such as Jefferson and Madison • Southern site for the capital would make the gov’t more responsive to their interests • 1790, the debt bill is passed • National Bank is created • Capital moved to Virginia- Washington D.C • Planned by Pierre L’Enfant and later Andrew Ellicott

  10. Whiskey Rebellion • Frontier Farmers were furious over the excise tax (a.k.a the whiskey tax) • 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax • Farmers beat up federal marshals in Pittsburgh and even threatened to secede from the Union • 15,000 militiamen along with Washington and Hamilton hiked over the Allegheny Mtns and scattered the rebels without a single loss of life

  11. Political Parties • Form at the end of Washington’s presidency • Formed around the issue of the power and size of the fed gov’t in relation to the state and local gov’ts • Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams • Believed a strong national gov’t and industrial economy • Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson • Believed in a weak national gov’t and agricultural economy

  12. Foreign Issues • France Revolution going on- Americans support until France declared war on Britain • Jefferson and Democratic- Republicans supported France, Hamilton and Federalists supported the British • Washington declare neutrality in 1793- US staying out of it!

  13. Pinckney Treaty • Thomas Pinckney • US wanted to secure land claims west of the Appalachian Mtns and gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River. • makes a treaty with Spain which owned Florida and the Louisiana Territory • Gained all land east of Appalachian (except FL) • US gains navigation rights of the Mississippi River • Use of the port of New Orleans • Allows US to trade a lot easier and a lot more • Shorter trade routes and more efficient

  14. Jay’s Treaty • John Jay • Background: since US was neutral, US expected free shipping rights. Great Britain began seizing US ships and began the impressments policy- forcible seizure of men for military service • Treaty called for Brit. to abandon posts in northwest region of US • NOTHING about impressments- angered people

  15. President John Adams • Election of 1796 • John Adams/ Pinckney v. Jefferson/ Burr • North for Adams, South for Jefferson- leads to sectionalism • Loser of the election becomes Vice President • Federalist President, Democratic-Republican VP • Administration begins with problems • Possible war with France

  16. XYZ Affair • French thought US was making an alliance with the British and began seizing US ships • Adams sent 3 envoys to work things out with French foreign minister Talleyrand • Not allowed to meet with him unless pay $250,000- REALLY high bribe- Adams doesn’t pay • creates Navy and authorizes US ships to seize French ones (undeclared war) • Many want war to expand but Adams doesn’t • Tries to negotiate: no more treaty, pay for damages, no more seizing ships • Adams gets peace but ruins his political career

  17. Legislation to hurt Dem.-Reps. • Congress passes 3 laws: • Naturalization Act- increased the amount of time necessary for immigrants to become citizens from 5 to 14 years • Alien Act- Immigrants had to register with gov’t and made it easy for them to be deported if Pres. Felt they were a danger to the US • Sedition Act- crime to criticize the gov’t • Passed because immigrants tended to gravitate to D-R • Federalists felt that they cannot trust foreigners • Actually made D-R stronger

  18. The States Respond • Jefferson and Madison see the Alien and Sedition acts as misuse of power by the fed gov’t • Virginia/ Kentucky Resolution • Stressed the compact theory- states entered into a compact when they agreed to the Constitution • Fed gov’t was created by the states to serve as their agent • State legislatures could therefore declare laws of Congress unconstitutional and consider them void (nullification) • Cant really do this but it was used as a campaign ploy for the election of 1800

  19. Caricature • Create a caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson. • You must include at least 7 characteristics or issues unique to both Jefferson and Hamilton • You MUST COLOR the pictures and I should CLEARLY be able to tell what you drew.

  20. HAPPY FRIDAY!! • Take out your chart so I can check it • Pick up a Caricature on the stand in the front • Color the Caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson • Around each of them, draw 5 things that describe them • You must color the pictures and I should CLEARLY be able to tell what you drew

  21. New Nation Jefferson’s Presidency

  22. Thomas Jefferson • Election of 1800- Jefferson (D-R) v. Adams (Fed.) • Marked the first time that power was transferred from one party to another- REVOLUTION OF 1800 • “we are all Federalists, we are all Democratic-Republicans” • Jefferson helps the common man • Repeals the excise tax and the Naturalization Act • Alien and Sedition Acts expire

  23. Marbury v.Madison(1803) Background • While Adams was President he appointed John Marshall, a Federalist, to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • His decisions consistently strengthened the power of the federal government at the expense of the power of state governments • Prior to leaving office, Adams pushed through the Judiciary Act of 1801, which increased the number of federal judges by 16 • Filled these positions with Federalists • Called “midnight judges” b/c Adams signed their appointments late on his last day of office

  24. Marbury v. Madison Case • William Marbury was one of these judges but never received his official papers • James Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Judiciary Act of 1789 required the Supreme Court to order the papers to be delivered • Marshall decided the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional- Constitution didn’t empower the Sup. Court to issue such orders • Decision established JUDICIAL REVIEW- the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional**

  25. As a D-R, Jefferson believed in: • Rights of the common man • Faming and agriculture • States rights • Strict interpretation of the constitution • France • Low tariffs • Small military

  26. Military problems • Jefferson didn’t like a large standing army so he reduced it to 2500 men • Reduced the navy as well • Pirates of North Africa had been blackmailing/plundering merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea • Federalists had been paying the bribes • 1801- Pasha of Tripoli wants more money- undeclared war on US

  27. Jefferson’s Response • Sends the small navy to fight • Very different from what he previously believed in (pacifist) • Enlarges the navy • 1805- Treaty

  28. Impact • Set pattern for dealing with other North African countries- show of power • Navy gets tons of experience • Get respect internationally • Jefferson changes his view on the navy

  29. Louisiana Purchase • Americans continue their migration west over the Appalachians • 1800, Napoleon Boneparte of France persuaded Spain to return the LA Territory • Jefferson feared a strong French presence in the mid-continent would force the U.S. into an alliance with Britain • T.J. worried the French would close the port of New Orleans and block development west

  30. LA Purchase continued • Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and Florida from France • U.S. bought the territory for $15 million • T.J. worried that this is unconstitutional • Eased by the elastic clause • The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States

  31. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson appointed Mariwether Lewis to lead an expedition called the Corp of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific coast • T.J. ordered them to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals and to learn as much as possible about Native American tribes • William Clark chosen as 2nd in command • Met- Sacajawea- Native American woman who served as a guide and interpreter • Expedition took 2 years and 4 months

  32. Happy Monday!!! • Take out your case study so I can check it • Did you know: In the US more gold is used to make class rings than any other piece of jewelry

  33. New Nation War of 1812

  34. Britain v. France • 1803, Britain and France go to war- AGAIN! • Threatens American shipping • Napoleon tries to exclude British goods from Europe • Britain blockades (seals off) its ports and prevent ships from entering or leaving • Order of Council • Britain also forcing American sailors into the British Navy (impressments)

  35. Chesapeake Incident (1807) • Commander of a British warship demanded the right to board and search the US ship Chesapeake • Looking for British deserters • US captain refused, and the British opened fire • Killing 3 Americans, wounding 18

  36. Embargo Act (1807) • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare an embargo- ban on exporting products to other countries • Believed it would hurt Britain and other European powers and force them to honor American neutrality • Hurt America more and in 1809 the embargo was lifted • Except for Britain and France- still couldn’t trade with them

  37. Tecumseh’s Confederacy • 1809- General William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana Territory) persuaded Native American tribes to sign away 3 million acres of land to the US gov’t • Shawnee chief Tecumseh refused- formed a confederacy- a united Native American nation • Began negotiating with Britain for assistance in war with Americans

  38. War Hawks call for War • 1811- Tecumseh's brother led an attack on Harrison- Battle of Tippecanoe • Native Americans were using arms from British Canada • Harrison strikes back and burned the Shawnee capital • Harrison becomes a national hero • Young Congressmen from the South and West known as WAR HAWKS called for war against Britain • Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House of Representatives) • Motto was “On to Canada!”

  39. James Madison as President • Democratic-Republican- won election of 1808 • Both Britain and France promised to stop violating US rights but impressments still going on • Congress declared war in 1812 • Madison believed Britain was trying to strangle American trade and cripple American economy

  40. War of 1812 • Declared war in June 1812 • Britain repealed the Orders of Council (impressments) but it was too late • US was unprepared for war • British captured Detroit and US failed to take Montreal • British invaded Washington D.C. in 1814 • Burned the Capitol, White House and other public buildings • From there they proceeded to Baltimore and attacked Fort McHenry

  41. War of 1812 cont. • During the fighting, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem “Defense of Fort McHenry” • Later put to the tune of an old pub song and became the “Star Spangled Banner” • Battle of New Orleans 1815: • Led by General Andrew Jackson • Troops defeated the British • Fighting ended after this battle

  42. Treaty of Ghent • Unknown to Jackson, British and American diplomats had signed a peace treaty, before battle of NO • Signed Christmas Eve 1814- declared an armistice (end fighting) • Didn’t address the issue of impressments or neutral shipping rights

  43. Nationalism and Change • North and South were developing different economies (industry in north, agriculture in south) • Madison wanted to unite the regions and create a strong, stable, self-sufficient economy • Developed a transportation system- National Roads and the Erie Canal (“The Big Ditch”) • Established protective tariffs • Resurrected the national bank • Even former critics rallied behind this plan • Henry Clay promoted this plan as the AMERICAN SYSTEM

  44. American System • Clay explained that the American System would unite the nation’s economic interest • Industrial north would produce the manufactured goods that farmers in the south and west would buy • Agricultural south would produce most of the grain, meat and cotton needed in the north • National currency and transportation system would aid in the exchange of goods • America would be economically independent of Britain and France

  45. Supreme Court and Nationalism • Chief Justice John Marshall used the Sup. Court to ensure that the fed. gov’t had the power to regulate everything that crossed state lines (interstate commerce) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • MD charged high taxes on the local branch of the Bank of US- wanted to make it fail • Marshall claimed that if this was allowed states would be overturning laws passed by Congress and denied MD the right to tax the bank • “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

  46. JQA and nationalism • In the midst of all this James Monroe is elected President • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams establishes foreign policy guided by nationalism-the belief that national interest should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries • Convention of 1818- fixed US border at the 49th parallel up to Rocky Mtns • 1819, Adams-Onis Treaty-Spain gave Florida to the US as well as claims to the Oregon Territory

  47. Monroe Doctrine • Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon (France) in 1815, and wanted to reclaim territory in Latin America • Russians had been in Alaska since 1784, and established trading posts in present day California • With all these countries moving in, US had to do something • Many Americans wanted to get northern Mexico and Cuba from Spain • Russians posed a threat to American trade with China

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