Lesson Two

1. Lesson Two Marrakech

2. Aims • To know the writing technique of exposition. • To learn the methods in developing an expository writing,esp. the use of examples. • To appreciate the language features

3. Teaching Contents • 1. Exposition • 2. George Orwell • 2. Detailed study of the text • 3. Organizational pattern • 4. Language features • 5. Exercises

4. Time allocation 1. Background information (15 min.) 2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.) 3. Structure analysis (15 min.) 4. Language appreciation (15 min.) 5. Exercises (15 min)

5. Exposition • Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition --- expounding explaining

6. Exposition • An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.

7. Exposition Description -- deals with appearances and feelings Narration --- deals with events and experience Exposition --- deals with processes and relationships

8. Exposition • Things can be explained by

9. Definition The key to a definition is concreteness. One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective.

10. 2. Listing We must have enough number of items to be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance.

11. 3. Examples It's the simplest, the most common, best method.

12. 4. Classification We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping. One item can belong to one category and only one.

13. 5. Comparison and contrast We liken one thing to another by pointing out their similarities (comparison) We emphasize the difference between the two. (contrast)

14. 6. Analysis We may discuss the cause and effect of a historical event, its nature and its significance in history.

15. Exposition The writer appeals to a reader's understanding with verifiable facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.

16. Exposition 1. generally the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the "thesis", and may even be the title of the piece. 2. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.

17. The Text It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.

18. Theme ---- • The suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech • The writer gives descriptions by examples. The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricken.

19. George Orwell • A British novelist and essayist between the two world wars *image-1* http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/ • He is mush praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view. • He was born in India, father, a so called empire-builder --serving the British government abroad.

20. George Orwell • He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school "Eden“.

21. George Orwell • He travelled widely. Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.

22. George Orwell • He joined Spanish War. He was seriously wounded. The Spanish socialist forces divided into faction. The faction he belonged to was persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and depressed, which led him toward anti-communist attitude.

23. George Orwell • Animal Farm ---- a political fable*image-2* • Each animal represents a certain human character, meant to criticise Stalin's socialism.

24. George Orwell • In reading his works, several aspects draw our attention:1. His works show sharp powers of observation and deep sympathy for suffering people. 2. His works give a deep sense of conviction and urgency.

25. George Orwell • 3. The use of English is clear, simple and direct, with no formality of embellishment. (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to write prose like a window pane. ______ as clear as glass

26. Detailed study of the text • Marrakech *2image-3,4,5*

27. Detailed study of the text • As the corpse.... The opening paragraph is very dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor

28. in a cloud --- • a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass a cloud of insects

29. crowd --- • It suggests • 1) the lack of order • 2) people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.

30. all men and boys, no women • According to Muslim law, Muslims must respect women, and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house, where they could be safe. When they went out, they wore the veils to cover their faces. But this law has become a kind of excuse to discriminate against women.

31. pomegranates ---- • refers to the fruit of the pomegranate tree, a native of Asia. It is a round reddish fruit with a mild flavour. The word comes to English from the old French. pome --- apple granate ---- having many seeds

32. chant --- 1. a word or group of words that is repeated over and over again, usually by more than one person.2. a religious prayer or song that is spoken or sung on only a very few notes so that there is not much variation in it.

33. appeal to ---- • If something appeals to you, you find it attractive or interesting attract / interest / fascinateThese books are designed to appeal to children.The idea of becoming director of the factory appealed to him.

34. identify --- • recognise; be able to name Can you identify your umbrella among a hundred others? Schoolboys could identify almost every car as it passed by.

35. derelict building-lot • It would be an ugly, forgotten, abandoned place where a building was begun but never finished."derelict" --- comes from the Latin word meaning “to abandon”

36. #2 • How people are buried in Marrakech wail a short chant hack an oblong hole (dig without care) dump the body fling over it a little of the dried-up earthThe fact shows the human life has no value at all.

37. The thesis • ---"All colonial empire....."It is the colonial empires that make the people so poor. Empires are built up by treating the people in the colonies like animals. This thesis is going to be supported by more illustrations and examples.

38. Rhetorical questions • --- What sort of audience Orwell had in mind when he wrote this essay? --- Clearly he is writing to readers of his own race and general class . So if you say yes, why don't they appear to be so?

39. undifferentiated --- • You can't differentiate one brown stuff from another, because they look just the same. If they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable, just like insects, like bees.

40. regularity --- • a state or situation in which things happen repeatedlyThere is no regularity about his work. He makes the same stupid suggestion with great regularity. His heart beats with the regularity of a clock pendulum.

41. a gazelle --- • *image-7* gazelle • a hoofed mammal with a slender neck and ringed horns. Gazelles are famous for their grace and beauty, and are native to Africa and Asia

42. mint sauce --- • *2imge-8 mint sauce* • an English specialty made of a combination of chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. It's traditionally served with roast lamb.

43. stow --- • to put, hide away in safe place If you stow sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place where it can be kept until it is needed.= storestow away = hide

44. stow – • We stowed all the boxes in the attic. • Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place. • My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank. • His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.

45. # 8—15 • The writer described the plight of the Jews, an poorest minority in a colonial country. Their fate could be worse than that of the natives.

46. quarters ---- • apartment (room/house) residential area for particular kind of people • the doctor's quarters • servants quarters • officers' quarters • confined to quarters • sleeping quarters

47. ghettoes or ghettos • Orwell uses ghettos here in the traditional sense of a portion of a city populated almost exclusively by Jews. • A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which many poor people or many people of a particular race, religion, or nationality live in isolation from the majority group in the town or city.

48. ghettoes or ghettos It's about this black kid growing up in the ghetto. ---- ghetto life in European cities ---- slums and ghettos

49. overcrowding --- • adv + v ing dry-cleaning over-eating updating downgrading

50. sore-eyed --- • Eyes are infested from 1. malnutrition 2. lack of medical care 3. unhygienic condition