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light. Retinal layers. photoreceptors. Photoreceptors. First synaptic layer. Bipolar cells. Second synaptic layer. Ganglion cells. To brain. light. Photo-receptors. Bipolar cells. Ganglion cells. RT. Rod contacts a single type of bipolar, the rod bipolar cell. mGluR6.

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  1. light Retinal layers photoreceptors

  2. Photoreceptors First synaptic layer Bipolar cells Second synaptic layer Ganglion cells To brain light

  3. Photo-receptors Bipolar cells Ganglion cells

  4. RT Rod contacts a single type of bipolar, the rod bipolar cell.

  5. mGluR6 AMPA/Kainate Opens cation channels Closes unknown cation channels Depolarizes OFF bipolar Hyperpolarizes ON bipolar Glutamate has two modes of action Cone terminal glutamate ON OFF

  6. Scotopic Mesopic Photopic -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Log cd/m2 Starlight Moonlight twilight indoor sunlight Cone threshold Second attribute: absolute intensity – range is over 10 log units

  7. Cone threshold

  8. Cone threshold

  9. Cone threshold

  10. The goal of the rod bipolar pathway is to capture every photon

  11. Two classes of Bipolar and ganglion cells Cone OFF ON Bipolar cells OFF ON Ganglion cells To brain

  12. The two classes divide the local contrast to above and below mean above mean below mean above mean below mean Cone Sign reversal bipolars Ganglion cells OFF ON To brain

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