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Exploring Global Language Diversity

Understand the distribution, classification, and importance of world languages. Explore language families, dialects, and the origins of English. Discover the impact of migration and diffusion on language variations.

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Exploring Global Language Diversity

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  1. Chapter 5: Language Unit 3

  2. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Language—system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. • Language is often impacted by migration • Why?

  3. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Classifying Languages • Institutional language • Official language • Literary tradition • Developing language • Vigorous language

  4. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Organizing Language Families • Language family—collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history • Language branch—collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago • Language group—collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary. • Language • Dialect—A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

  5. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Language Families/Classification of languages: P. 150-151 • Indo-European = the largest language family • 46 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language • Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family • 21 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language • Mandarin = the most used language in the world

  6. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Other Large Language Families • Southeast Asia Language Families • Austronesian • Austro-Asiatic • East Asia Language Families • Japanese • Korean • Other Asian Language Families • Altaic • Turkish = most widely spoken • Uralic • Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish

  7. Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? • Other Large Language Families • African Language Families • Extensive linguistic diversity • 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialects • Afro-Asiatic • Arabic = most widely spoken • Niger-Congo • 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language • Nilo-Saharan • Khoisan

  8. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Distribution of Indo-European Branches • Germanic • Romance • Indo-Iranian • Balto-Slavic

  9. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Origin and diffusion of Indo-European • A “Proto-Indo-European” language? • Internal evidence • Nomadic warrior theory • Kurgan Theory • Sedentary farmer theory

  10. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Origin and diffusion of English • English is spoken by 328 million as a first language • English colonies • Origins of English • German invasions • Norman invasions

  11. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Diffusion of English • Migration and colonization due to the British • USA: imperialism • Combining English with other languages • Franglais • Spanglish • Denglish

  12. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Global importance of English • Lingua Franca • Global economy and culture • Internet/Media • Pidgin Language • Logograms • Chinese as the next Lingua Franca? Why?

  13. Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? • Official languages • Can be one or more language • Use by the government to enact legislation and other conduct public business • Could also be the only language used in public schools • 2 billion people live in countries where English is the official language

  14. Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? • Dialects of English • Dialect = a regional variation of a language • Isogloss = a word-usage boundary • Standard language = a well-established dialect • Dialects • In England • Differences between British and American English • Standard language—dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication

  15. Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? • U.S. Dialects • North vs. South vs. Midland (Colonial) • African American English • Ebonics (African American Vernacular English) • Appalachian English • Creole Languages • Creole:

  16. Why Do Local Languages Survive? • Endangered Languages • Preserving Languages • Hebrew • Celtic • Welsh • Cornish • Breton • Isolated Languages—language that is unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family • Basque • Icelandic • Extinct Languages—language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use. • New languages and growing languages

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