Crisis in the Colonies: French and Indian War & Turmoil Over Taxation

1. Chapter 5 Crisis in the Colonies

2. Chapter 5 Sect. 1 The French and Indian War

3. I. Rivals in North America A. Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England were rivals for North America B. In order to prevent expansion by the English the French built forts C. Native Americans became involved in the fight between France and England because they wanted to protect their way of life and to protect their land II. The French and Indian War A. The main cause of the French and Indian war were land claims in the Ohio River Valley. B. French Advantages in the War: 1. Had a single government 2. Indian allies

4. C. British Advantages in the War: • 1. Easy to defend • 2. Had a larger population • 3. Had a very strong navy • 4. Bold leader- George Washington • 5. Albany Plan of Union- Benjamin Franklin “Join or Die”; one government over all 13 colonies • III. Affects of the Treaty of Paris • A. Britain gained Canada and all French land east of the Mississippi River • B. Britain gained Florida from the Spanish • C. Spain gained French land west of the Mississippi River

5. Chapter 5 Sect. 2 Notes Turmoil Over Taxation

6. I. New Troubles along the Frontier A. The Ohio River Valley 1. There was trouble in the Ohio Valley even before theend of the French and Indian War 2. English colonists had already claimed land beyond the Appalachians B. Clashes with Native Americans 1. After scattered incidents between settlers and Indians, the British sent Lord Amherst to the frontier 2. Amherst refused to give Indians presents or hold feastlike the French had done C. War on the Frontier 1. An Ottawa chief named Pontiac became a leader of many Indians

7. I a. He spoke out against the British b. Led an attack on Fort Detroit 2. Other Indians joined the fight and they soon capturedmost of the British forts on the frontier but soon lost back 3. Pontiac’s War did not last long a. The French informed Pontiac of the Treaty ofParis b. The Indians stopped fighting and returned home II. Proclamation of 1763 A. Proclamation issued because Pontiac’s War convinced the British to close western lands to settlers

8. B. Drew a line along the Appalachian Mountains 1. Colonist could not settle west of the line 2. All settlers already west of line had to leave at once C. To enforce the law, Britain sent 10,000 troops to the colonies D. Law angered the colonies 1. Some colonies claimed land in the west 2. Colonist had to pay for the troops 3. Many settlers ignored the law, moved west anywaysincluding Daniel Boone III. Britain Imposes New Taxes A. French & Indian War caused debt in Britain 1. The tax bill for citizens in Britain rose

9. 2. The British Prime Minister decided that colonists should help share the burden because they gained most from the war B. Sugar Act 1. In 1764, Prime Minister Greenville asked Parliament to pass a new tax on Molasses; the Sugar Act replaced an earlier tax on molasses 2. The earlier tax was so high, merchants avoided paying it by smuggling molasses or bribing tax collectors 3. The new tax cut the molasses tax in half in order to stop the smuggling and bribery C. In 1765, Parliament passes the Stamp Act 1. Taxed legal documents such as wills, diplomas, and marriage licenses

10. 2. Also taxed newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, dice 3. All items had to carry a stamp showing the tax hadbeen paid IV. Protesting the Stamp Act A. Riots and Confusion 1. When the British officials tried to enforce the Stamp Act, they met with protest a. Riots broke out in Boston, New York City,Newport, and Charleston b. Angry colonists threw rocks at tax collectors or tarred and feathered them 2. The fury of the colonist shocked the British people a. Britain paid to protect the colonies from the French

11. b. British citizens paid higher taxes than thecolonists; about 26 shillings to 1 shilling B. No Taxation without Representation 1. Colonist said taxes were unjust 2. Principal of no taxation without representation wasfrom the Magna Carta 3. Colonists insisted that since they did not elect representatives to Parliament, the British government did not have the right to tax them 4. They were willing to pay taxes passed by their own colonial legislatures C. Uniting in Peaceful Protest 1. Stamp Act Congress, October 1765 a. Nine colonies sent delegates

12. b. Drew up petitions restating that Parliament had no right to tax them c. Petitions were ignored 2. Boycott of British Goods a. Trade fell 14% b. Merchants & British workers lost money 3. In 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but passed a law stating that Parliament had the right to raise taxes in all cases whatsoever I. The Townshend Act A. Parliament had repealed the Stamp Act, but British Merchants urged colonist to be grateful to the “parent Country” which angered many colonist because they did not think Parliament had protected their rights as British citizens

13. B. Townshend Acts were passed in 1767, taxed glass, silk, paper,lead, and tea 1. colonists objected, Parliament did not have the right to tax them without their consent 2. customs officers sent to enforce the law with writs ofassistance that gave them the right to inspect a ship’s cargo without giving a reason 3. some officers used the writs to keep ships from leaving port until merchants paid them bribes 4. colonist protested because searching someone withoutgood reason was against British law II. Colonist Fight Back A. People throughout the colonies sign nonimportation agreements promising to stop importing goods taxed by the Townshend Acts (boycott)

14. B. Support of the boycott takes many forms 1. women made clothes from homespun material 2. Harvard College prints programs on colonial paper 3. newspapers print letters warning colonist about the dangers of Parliament taxes C. Sons and Daughters of Liberty – angry colonist joined groups during the Stamp Act crises 1. they gather around Liberty Trees and hang effigies of customs agents 2. visit merchants to get them to boycott British goods 3. Some threaten those not following the Boycott III Leaders in the Struggle A. Samuel Adams – members of the Sons of Liberty, organized boycotts

15. B. John Adams– Samuel’s cousin, Massachusetts lawyer who knew British law C. Mercy Otis Warren– poet who, after her brother’s beating at the hand of loyalist, wrote plays about the struggle against Britain D. Abigail Adams– wife of John Adams, friend of Mercy Otis Warren, also a writer E. George Washington– member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, protested the Townshend Acts F. Patrick Henry– gave fiery speeches against Britain IV. Centers of Protest A. New York 1. protested the Quartering Act that said colonist had toprovide housing. Candles, bedding, and beverages

16. to British soldiers 2. in 1766, the New York assembly refused to obey the act saying that it was taxing them without their consent, royal officials dismissed the assembly B. Boston 1. the Massachusetts assembly asked Parliament to repeal the Townshend Act 2. the royal governor dismissed the assembly 3. two regiments of British soldiers stationed in Boston V. The Boston Massacre A. On March 5, 1770, a group of angry colonist protested outside the Boston customs house shouting “lobsterback” at the British soldiers who wore red coats and threw snowballs, shells and ice at them. A shot rang out in the crowd

17. (no one knows who fired it)and the soldiers fired into the crowd killing 5 including Crispus Attucks, a black sailor whowas in the Sons of Liberty B. Sam Adams wrote about it to colonists callingit the Boston Massacre; Paul Revere, a silversmith, made an engraving about it C. Soldiers were arrested and tried with John Adams defending them VI. Repeal of the Townshend Acts A. On the same day as the Boston Massacre, parliament repealed the Townshend Acts because the nonimportation agreements had hurt British merchants; kept the taxon tea B. News of repeal delighted colonist; dismissed the tea as notimportant and ended their boycott

18. VII. Doubts about the Future A. Many colonist feared that parliament might again threatencolonial liberties B. Sam Adams set up committees of correspondencethat would report on events in Massachusetts, soon every colony had them C. Committees of correspondence played an important role in Uniting the colonist against Britain

19. Chapter 5 Sect. 3 From Protest to Revolution

20. I. Uproar Over Tea A. Parliament passes the Tea Act 1. Tea was brought to the colonies by the British East India Company, sold to tea merchants who sold the tea to colonists 2. In 1773, the British East India Company was in financial trouble, so parliament passed the Tea Act. a. Did away with some taxes the company paid b. Company bypassed tea merchants selling directly to colonists c. This meant lower prices to encourage colonists to buy more tea 3. Parliament was surprised when the colonist protested the act

21. a. Merchants were cut out of the tea trade b. Colonist wondered what would keep parliament from putting others out of business c. Others believed this was a trick to make them accept Parliament’s right to tax the colonies B. Boycott the “accursed Stuff” 1. once again the colonists responded with a boycott 2. Daughters of Liberty and other women made tea from raspberry leaves and served coffee 3. Sons of Liberty enforced the boycott by not allowing the British East India Company to unload its tea II. The Boston Tea Party A. Business as Usual – In November 1773, three ships carrying tea arrived in Boston harbor; they were ordered to pay

22. the tax, unload, and sell the tea as usual; If the taxes weren’t paid in 20 days the tea would be seized; the deadline was December 16. A. A demand that the tea ships leave 1. By 10 am on December 16th thousands of Bostonians had made their way to a meeting that was organized by Sam Adams and John Hancock; the people voted that the tea ships should leave Boston without unloading, and a message was sent to the customs house 2. Customs officers would not act without the consent of Governor Hutchinson, so messengers were sent to the governor 3. After dark a few British officers yelled “fire!” trying to break up the meeting; the colonists waited; the governor’s reply was that he would not let the ships sail

23. C. “Boston harbor a teapot tonight!” - the meeting was adjourned, then a group of men dressed as Mohawks went to Griffin’s Wharf where the tea ships were anchored; they boarded the ships, split the tea chests open, and dumped the tea into the harbor III. Britain Strikes Back A. Punishment for Massachusetts – Intolerable Acts 1. Parliament shut down Boston Harbor – the harbor would remain closed until colonist paid for the tea and showed that they were sorry for what they had done 2. Parliament forbade colonist to hold town meetings more than once a year without the governor’s permission

24. 3. Parliament allowed custom officials who had been charged • with major crimes to be tried in Britain • 4. Parliament passed a new Quartering Act – British commanders could force citizens to house troops in their homes • 5. These became known as the Intolerable Acts • B. Quebec Act • 1. set up a government for Canada and protected the rights of French Catholics • 2. redrew the boundaries of Canada to include land between the Ohio and Missouri rivers

25. C. Colonist support Boston 1. Committees of Correspondence spread the news of the Intolerable And Quebec Acts 2. People sent food to Boston since they were hungry because of their ports being closed 3. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia urged the assembly to set aside a day to mark the shame of the Acts; on June 1, 1774, merchants closed their shops, church bells tolled, and many colonists prayed and fasted all day

26. IV. The First Continental Congress A. Meeting in Philadelphia 1. colonial leaders called for a meeting to take place in Philadelphia in September 1774 2. delegates from 12 colonies attended, only Georgia did not send delegates B. Different Views 1. Some delegates wanted to get Parliament to guarantee the colonist’s rights 2. others said that the Intolerable Acts proved that Britain was determined to take their right away and wanted action

27. 3. they agreed to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed 4. they urged each colony to set up its own militia, or army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency V. The Shot Heard ‘round the World A. Preparing for war 1. Minutemen began training in Massachusetts and Britain began to build up its forces 2. The British commander Thomas Cage learned that the minutemen had a store of arms in Concord and planned to seize them; about 700 British troops left Boston on April 18th

28. 3. the Sons of Liberty knew they were leaving and hung two lamps from the Old North Church in Boston to signal that the red coats were moving B. Sounding the Alarm 1. Paul Revere rode through the night warning people that “The British are Coming!” 2. At Lexington, near Concord, fighting broke out; 8 colonist were killed and 1 British soldier was wounded 3. When the red coats reached Concord they found no arms and turned back to Boston, but they were met by 300 minutemen on a bridge outside of Concord and fighting broke out again

29. 4. The British were forced to retreat; by the time they made it back to Boston 73 were dead and 200 were wounded or missing 5. News of the battles at Lexington and Concord spread and people knew this was a turning point; to many colonist, the fighting ended all hopesof reaching an agreement with Britain

30. The End