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Cellular Basics: Characteristics and Components

This review covers fundamental characteristics and components of living cells, including reproduction, growth, genetic code, energy requirements, and cellular organelles. Topics include cell theory, organelle functions, and cellular classification.

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Cellular Basics: Characteristics and Components

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  1. EOCT Biology Content Review

  2. Characteristics of Living Things • Reproduce • Grow and develop • Based on a genetic code (DNA) • Need food/require energy • Made of cells • Respond to their environment • Adapt to their environment • Based on a genetic code

  3. Cells and Heredity Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

  4. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane) • Surrounds cell • Selective barrier (semi-permeable membrane) • Controls what substances enter and exit the cell

  5. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material that fills the cell

  6. Organelles and Cell Parts • Ribosomes: • Site of proteinsynthesis (where proteins are made)

  7. Organelles and Cell Parts • Golgi Apparatus • Prepare proteins that will leave the animal cell or be placed in the plasma membrane • “Post Office” of the cell

  8. Organelles and Cell Parts • Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration which produces ATP from sugars (glucose)

  9. Organelles and Cell Parts • Lysosome • Digest macromolecules • Single celled organisms—eating, digest food • Digest/recycle old organelles; “stomach of the cell” • Immune system

  10. Organelles and Cell Parts • Centrosome • Produce microtubules during celldivision. Microtubules control the movement of chromosomes.

  11. Organelles and Cell Parts • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • Ribosomes attached • Production of proteins occurs on ribosomes

  12. Organelles and Cell Parts • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • No ribosomes attached

  13. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleus • Stores/protects DNA

  14. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nuclear Envelope • Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

  15. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleolus • Found in the nucleus • Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes

  16. Organelles and Cell Parts • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Contains genes/hereditary information • Determines structure of proteins

  17. Organelles and Cell Parts • Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis, which stores the sun’s energy in sugars (glucose) • Found in plants

  18. Organelles and Cell Parts • Vacuole • Storage • Waste, nutrients, water, ions

  19. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Wall • Supports and protects plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists • Allows cell to exist in hypotonic environment

  20. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cilia and Flagella • Movement (locomotion)

  21. Organelles and Cell Parts • Microfilaments and Microtubules • Structural components, “skeleton” of the cell

  22. Cellular Classification Unicellular Organisms • Single celled • Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms • More than one cell • Plants, animals, fungi, some protists

  23. Cellular Classification Eukaryote • Nucleus present • Single or multi-celled • Membrane bound organelles • Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryote • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Single celled • “Primitive” • Bacteria, Archaea

  24. Cellular Classification Plant • Eukaryotic • Cell wall (cellulose) • Vacuole, chloroplast • No lysosome, no centrioles Animal • Eukaryotic • Lysosomes, centrioles • No cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplast

  25. Practice • Which of the kingdoms contain only multicellular organisms? • Plant, Animal • Which of the kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? • Bacteria, Archaea • Which of the kingdoms contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms? • Fungi, Protist

  26. Homeostasis • Maintaining a constant and stable environment inside of an organism • Examples • Breathe in oxygen • Breathe out carbon dioxide • Eat Food • Energy • Building Blocks • Eliminate Waste • Maintain Temperature • Blood pH • Blood sugar

  27. Cellular Transport • Materials Transported into a cell: • Nutrients • Water • Sugar (carbohydrates) • Ions • Amino Acids • Fats • Oxygen • Materials Transported out of a cell: • Waste • Carbon Dioxide • Proteins • Sugar • Hormones

  28. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Active Transport • Requires Energy (ATP) • Uses Transport Protein • Types of Active Transport: endocytosis & exocytosis

  29. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Does not require energy • Particles move from high concentration to low concentration. • Works to reach equilibrium

  30. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Diffusion • Movement of particles through the membrane down a concentration gradient • Osmosis • Movement of water through the membrane from high to low concentration

  31. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of particles through a cell membrane by means of a transport protein. • Down the concentration gradient • Does NOT require energy.

  32. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • These are relative terms used to compare two solutions • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration • Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration • Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration

  33. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an isotonic solution • Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst • Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel

  34. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis

  35. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution. • Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid/ limp • Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis

  36. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

  37. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Endocytosis – active transport • “Cell eating” • A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.

  38. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Exocytosis – active transport • A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

  39. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane- PRACTICE • 1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what will happen to the cell? • Lose water, shrivel • 2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution? • Into the cell • 3. What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water? • diffusion

  40. Cell Division • The Cell Cycle: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prep for mitosis) • Mitosis – Division of Nuclear Contents • Growth and Repair • Somatic (body) cells • Daughter cells: • Two produced • Diploid (2n) • Identical to the parent

  41. Cell Division - Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

  42. Steps of Mitosis • Prophase • Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes • Nucleoli disappear • Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules • Nuclear membrane breaks down • Microtubules attach to chromosomes

  43. Steps of Mitosis • Metaphase • Chromosomes line up at middle of cell

  44. Steps of Mitosis • Anaphase • Microtubules shorten • Chromatids separate, are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell

  45. Steps of Mitosis Telophase • Daughter nuclei form at either side • Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled • Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase.

  46. Meiosis • Sexual reproduction (Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction?) • Form gametes (sperm and egg) • Daughter cells • Four produced (two nuclear divisions) • Haploid (n, cuts the number of chromosomes in half) • Different from parent and unique from each other

  47. Meiosis • Steps • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II

  48. Meiosis Genetic diversity occurs as the result of CROSSING OVER between homologous chromosomes during PROPHASE I of MEIOSIS I.

  49. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:

  50. Energy/ Matter Transformations • Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids are all organic macromolecules. • Organic Molecules are composed primarily of carbon and are the building blocks of all living organisms.

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