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EOCT

EOCT. Biology Content Review. Characteristics of Living Things. Reproduce Grow and develop Based on a genetic code (DNA) Need food/require energy Made of cells Respond to their environment Adapt to their environment Based on a genetic code. Cells and Heredity. Cell Theory

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EOCT

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  1. EOCT Biology Content Review

  2. Characteristics of Living Things • Reproduce • Grow and develop • Based on a genetic code (DNA) • Need food/require energy • Made of cells • Respond to their environment • Adapt to their environment • Based on a genetic code

  3. Cells and Heredity Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

  4. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane) • Surrounds cell • Selective barrier (semi-permeable membrane) • Controls what substances enter and exit the cell

  5. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material that fills the cell

  6. Organelles and Cell Parts • Ribosomes: • Site of proteinsynthesis (where proteins are made)

  7. Organelles and Cell Parts • Golgi Apparatus • Prepare proteins that will leave the animal cell or be placed in the plasma membrane • “Post Office” of the cell

  8. Organelles and Cell Parts • Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration which produces ATP from sugars (glucose)

  9. Organelles and Cell Parts • Lysosome • Digest macromolecules • Single celled organisms—eating, digest food • Digest/recycle old organelles; “stomach of the cell” • Immune system

  10. Organelles and Cell Parts • Centrosome • Produce microtubules during celldivision. Microtubules control the movement of chromosomes.

  11. Organelles and Cell Parts • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • Ribosomes attached • Production of proteins occurs on ribosomes

  12. Organelles and Cell Parts • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • No ribosomes attached

  13. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleus • Stores/protects DNA

  14. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nuclear Envelope • Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

  15. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleolus • Found in the nucleus • Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes

  16. Organelles and Cell Parts • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Contains genes/hereditary information • Determines structure of proteins

  17. Organelles and Cell Parts • Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis, which stores the sun’s energy in sugars (glucose) • Found in plants

  18. Organelles and Cell Parts • Vacuole • Storage • Waste, nutrients, water, ions

  19. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Wall • Supports and protects plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists • Allows cell to exist in hypotonic environment

  20. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cilia and Flagella • Movement (locomotion)

  21. Organelles and Cell Parts • Microfilaments and Microtubules • Structural components, “skeleton” of the cell

  22. Cellular Classification Unicellular Organisms • Single celled • Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms • More than one cell • Plants, animals, fungi, some protists

  23. Cellular Classification Eukaryote • Nucleus present • Single or multi-celled • Membrane bound organelles • Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryote • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Single celled • “Primitive” • Bacteria, Archaea

  24. Cellular Classification Plant • Eukaryotic • Cell wall (cellulose) • Vacuole, chloroplast • No lysosome, no centrioles Animal • Eukaryotic • Lysosomes, centrioles • No cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplast

  25. Practice • Which of the kingdoms contain only multicellular organisms? • Plant, Animal • Which of the kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? • Bacteria, Archaea • Which of the kingdoms contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms? • Fungi, Protist

  26. Homeostasis • Maintaining a constant and stable environment inside of an organism • Examples • Breathe in oxygen • Breathe out carbon dioxide • Eat Food • Energy • Building Blocks • Eliminate Waste • Maintain Temperature • Blood pH • Blood sugar

  27. Cellular Transport • Materials Transported into a cell: • Nutrients • Water • Sugar (carbohydrates) • Ions • Amino Acids • Fats • Oxygen • Materials Transported out of a cell: • Waste • Carbon Dioxide • Proteins • Sugar • Hormones

  28. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Active Transport • Requires Energy (ATP) • Uses Transport Protein • Types of Active Transport: endocytosis & exocytosis

  29. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Does not require energy • Particles move from high concentration to low concentration. • Works to reach equilibrium

  30. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Diffusion • Movement of particles through the membrane down a concentration gradient • Osmosis • Movement of water through the membrane from high to low concentration

  31. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of particles through a cell membrane by means of a transport protein. • Down the concentration gradient • Does NOT require energy.

  32. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • These are relative terms used to compare two solutions • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration • Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration • Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration

  33. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an isotonic solution • Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst • Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel

  34. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis

  35. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution. • Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid/ limp • Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis

  36. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

  37. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Endocytosis – active transport • “Cell eating” • A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.

  38. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Exocytosis – active transport • A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

  39. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane- PRACTICE • 1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what will happen to the cell? • Lose water, shrivel • 2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution? • Into the cell • 3. What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water? • diffusion

  40. Cell Division • The Cell Cycle: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prep for mitosis) • Mitosis – Division of Nuclear Contents • Growth and Repair • Somatic (body) cells • Daughter cells: • Two produced • Diploid (2n) • Identical to the parent

  41. Cell Division - Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

  42. Steps of Mitosis • Prophase • Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes • Nucleoli disappear • Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules • Nuclear membrane breaks down • Microtubules attach to chromosomes

  43. Steps of Mitosis • Metaphase • Chromosomes line up at middle of cell

  44. Steps of Mitosis • Anaphase • Microtubules shorten • Chromatids separate, are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell

  45. Steps of Mitosis Telophase • Daughter nuclei form at either side • Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled • Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase.

  46. Meiosis • Sexual reproduction (Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction?) • Form gametes (sperm and egg) • Daughter cells • Four produced (two nuclear divisions) • Haploid (n, cuts the number of chromosomes in half) • Different from parent and unique from each other

  47. Meiosis • Steps • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II

  48. Meiosis Genetic diversity occurs as the result of CROSSING OVER between homologous chromosomes during PROPHASE I of MEIOSIS I.

  49. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:

  50. Energy/ Matter Transformations • Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids are all organic macromolecules. • Organic Molecules are composed primarily of carbon and are the building blocks of all living organisms.

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