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Evolution Web Activity

Evolution Web Activity. XBiology Chapters 14-15 (Visual Concepts). Chapter 14 – History of Life Biogenesis and Spontaneous Generation. Compare spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) to biogenesis. Spontaneous Generation/abiogenesis – living things can arise from non-living things

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Evolution Web Activity

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  1. Evolution Web Activity XBiology Chapters 14-15 (Visual Concepts)

  2. Chapter 14 – History of LifeBiogenesis and Spontaneous Generation • Compare spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) to biogenesis. • Spontaneous Generation/abiogenesis – living things can arise from non-living things • Biogenesis – living things can only arise from other living things

  3. Chapter 14 – History of LifeSpallanzani’s Experiment and Pasteur’s Experiment • Complete the following table.

  4. Redi’s Experiment

  5. Spallanzani’s ExperimentPasteur’s Experiment

  6. Chapter 14 – History of LifeRadiometric Dating (also Half Life) • What is the radioactive isotope of carbon? 14 What is its half life? 5, 715 years A student is told that her fossil contains ¼ the amount of Carbon-14 that it originally had. How old is the fossil? 2 x 5,715 years = 11,430 years old

  7. Chapter 14 – History of LifeOrigin of Eukaryotic Cells • How do scientists believe mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved? Prokaryotic cells that entered large prokaryotic cells Give one similarity that both share with prokaryotic cells. Circular DNA, divide like bacteria

  8. Chapter 14 – History of LifeEndosymbiosis • What is endosymbiosis? A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside another • According to the endosymbiont theory, eukaryotic cells evolved when a relationship developed between a small prokaryotic cell that lives inside of a larger prokaryotic cell.

  9. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionEvolution and Mass Extinction • What are some causes of mass extinctions? How many have there been in Earth’s history? Drastic changes in the environment • How many years ago was the extinction of the dinosaurs? What is thought to have caused this? 65 million years ago (mya) Drastic changes caused by asteroids colliding with the Earth caused dust to blacken the sun and the temperature dropped • What is causing the latest mass extinction? What is so remarkable about this compared to the previous extinctions? Human activity. Species are disappearing faster than ever before

  10. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionLamarck’s Theory of Evolution • What correct thoughts did Lamarck have about evolution? 1) Types of organisms change over time 2) New types of organisms are modified descendants of older types What incorrect thoughts did Lamarck have? Traits were acquired through an organism’s experience or behavior and could be passed onto offspring. NOT TRUE…acquired characteristics are NOT inherited.

  11. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theories and Natural Selection • What was the name of Darwin’s ship that he sailed on? HMS Beagle • Briefly describe Darwin’s two main ideas about evolution: • Descent with Modification – newer species are modified descendants of older species • Natural Selection – organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

  12. Natural Selection

  13. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionAdaptation • Define evolution. Process by which populations change over time • Explain why a drought on the Galapagos Islands led to an increase of larger finches with larger beaks. A drought could cause small, soft seeds to disappear leaving only large seeds. Larger finches with larger beaks could eat more and survive longer reproducing offspring with larger beaks more suited for their environment. The finches with small beaks could not eat the large seeds and died before producing more small beaked birds  (Competition for resources) Which of Darwin’s ideas is this a result of? Natural selection

  14. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionAdaptation continued • Explain how the beaks of each of the finches listed below are adapted to their food sources. (Finches were all descendants of a common ancestor finch).

  15. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionFitness • Define fitness. The ability of an organism to survive longer and reproduce more • Using the insecticide example for fitness, explain how the use of antibacterial soap and “hand sanitizers” might be a bad idea. Bacteria that are resistant will survive and reproduce creating a population of only resistant bacteria. Hand sanitizers will then be useless against them.

  16. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionLaw of Superposition • What is the law of superposition? The lower the rock layer, the older the fossil • List the layers from oldest  youngest (most recent) in the diagram in this section. Oldest = A, then B, then C, then D (D is the youngest)

  17. Age of Fossils

  18. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionGeologic Time Scale • How old is the Earth? 4.6 billion years old (byo) • What are eras defined by? Type of animal present The end of an era is defined by what? Extinction of those animals • What era are we currently in? Cenozoic Period? Quaternary Epoch? Holocene

  19. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionHomologous Structures • Why is a human arm and the wing of a bat considered to be homologous? They have similar structures but with different functions

  20. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionAnalogous Structures • Why are the wings of bees and the wings of birds considered to be analogous? They have similar function but different structure (therefore, not related) What are analogous structures a result of? Convergent evolution • Complete the following statement: Homologous structures have similar structure but different functions, whereas analogous structures have different structure but similar function.

  21. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionVestigial Features • What is a vestigial structure? Give an example. Features that have no function, but genetically link us to animals who have a function for these structures Examples: tail bone, third eyelid, appendix

  22. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionSimilarities in Embryology • How are early stages of vertebrate embryological development evidence of a common ancestor? Because they are so similar to one another; shows a common genetic blueprint (common ancestry)

  23. Chapter 15 – Theory of EvolutionSimilarities in Macromolecules • How are macromolecules used as evidence for evolution? 1) DNA similarities 2) Fossil evidence 3) Homologous structures 4) Embryonic similarities

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