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Pompeu Casanovas

Ontologías jurídicas y la segunda generación de Servicios Web Jornadas sobre Derecho y Tecnología Zaragoza 4-5 Mayo 2009. Pompeu Casanovas. Índice. El futuro de Internet (Web 3.0) Obstáculos al desarrollo de Internet Una web de servicios (2ª generación de Web Semántica )

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Pompeu Casanovas

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  1. Ontologías jurídicas y la segunda generación de Servicios Web Jornadas sobre Derecho y Tecnología Zaragoza 4-5 Mayo 2009 Pompeu Casanovas

  2. Índice • El futuro de Internet (Web 3.0) • Obstáculos al desarrollo de Internet • Una web de servicios (2ª generación de Web Semántica) • Ontologías jurídicas para servcios Web • Algunas ideas: (i) ITLaw + ITLawyers, (ii) derecho relacional, (iii) justicia relacional, (iv) estrategias híbridas en la construcción de ontologías(v) algunos retos (multimedia, e.g. o la adquisición de conocimiento)

  3. WEB • Web 1.0: Internet • Web 2.0: Expresividad (Tags): Flikr, YouTube, Wikipedia, Facebook… • Web 3.0: Expresividad + Semántica (web de objetos vinculados –”linkados” – y no de páginas Web)

  4. Internet de Services A multitude of connected IT services, which are offered, bought, sold, used, repurposed, and composed by a worldwide network of service providers, consumers, aggregators, and brokers - resulting in - a new way of offering, using, and organising IT supported functionality. Fuente: John Domingue (2008)

  5. The Big Picture CITIZEN/CONSUMER/ EMPLOYEE “Digital Lifestyle”, New Media, Communities, Collaboration BUSINESS/SCIENCE Cluster/SME, new Service and Business Models GOVERNMENT eGovernment, eEnergy, eHealth, Public Security SERVICE-ORIENTED SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS INTERNET OF THINGS MULTIMEDIA CONTENT Adapted from Prof. Wahlster, 2007

  6. Modelo democrático • Los autores han subrayado que la Web 2.0 implica un modelo democrático de participación e interacción. La gente puede compartir sus ideas y cooperar en una construcción en común (Motta, 2006) Enriquecer con semántica el proceso parece una consecuencia natural desde la perspectiva de la WS. Pero… no es tan fácil!

  7. (1) Obstáculos: falta de conocimiento • “Because no systemic measurements activities exist for collecting rigorous empirical Internet data, in many ways, we don’t really know what the Internet actually is. Thus, we don’t know the total amounts and patterns of data traffic, the Internet’s growth rate, the extent and locations of congestion, patterns and distribution of ISP interconnectivity, and many other things that are critical if we’re to understand what actually works in the Internet. These data are hidden because ISPs consider such information proprietary and worry that competitors could use it to steal customers or otherwise harm their business. The information might not even be collected because no economic incentive exists to do so, nor do any regulations require this collection” (Claffy et al. 2007).

  8. (2) Efectos sociales indeseados

  9. (3) Actuación jurídica oclusiva! SEKT-D12.5.5

  10. Porcentajes día/abogados Poblet, Benjamins, Casanovas Fuente: SEKT SEKT D12.5.5

  11. Uso creciente de Internet I • En 2008, un40% de los despachos iindicaban un gasto de aprox. $ 8.000-$ 17.000 por. 72% de los encuestados decían que accedían electrónicamente a los juzgados, un cecimiento de más del 55% sobre la encuesta del 2007. Source: ABA-2008 Tech Survey Report

  12. Uso creciente de Internet II • E-MAIL: e-mail attachments (92%, sobre el 80% en 2007) • MOBILIDAD: Casi todos los abogados indican que pueden consultar el e-mail fuera del despacho (98%) vía  Smartphone/BlackBerry (59%). Fuente: ABA 2008 Tech Survey Report

  13. (4) Problemas Técnicos • “Why has the Semantic Web had so little effect on search services? And, even more worrying, why does it have such little presence in the agendas of fundamental information-retrieval research programs, search engine designers, and search startups? What’s stopping researchers in the IR and Semantic Web communities from moving more bravely in the direction of promised next-generation search engines? (Baeza-Yates et al. Yahoo, 2008)”

  14. Respuesta • “We put forward three possible reasons: • First, this integration is an extremely hard scientific problem; • Second, the Web imposes hard scalability and performance restrictions; • Third, there’s a cultural divide between the Semantic Web and Information Retrieval disciplines”

  15. Web Semántica Niveles de lenguajes de la WS Berners-Lee Cody Burleson (2007).

  16. Qué es una ontología? (Breuker) • `formal specification of conceptualization’ (Gruber 94) • “An ontology defines the terms used to describe and represent an area of knowledge” (Jeff Heflin, OWL-Use cases, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-webont-req-20040210/ ) • terms: concept (= meaning) • knowledge representation: from informal (e.g text) to machine interpretable (via formalization) • ontology: `what is’ ≈ what we know

  17. Ontologías jurídicas (hasta el 2002) • LLD [Language for Legal Discourse, L.T. McCarty, 1989]: • Atomic formula, Rules and Modalities. • NOR [Norma, R.K. Stamper, 1991, 1996]: • Agents Behavioral invariants, Realizations. • LFU [Functional Ontology for Law, R.W. van Kranlinger; P.R.S. Visser, 1995]: • Normative Knowledge, World knowledge, Responsibility knowledge, Reactive knowledge and Creative knowledge. • FBO [Frame-Based Ontology of Law, A. Valente, 1995]: • Norms, Acts and Concepts Descriptions]. • LRI-Core Legal Ontology [J. Breuker et al., 2002]: • Objects, Processes, Physical entities, Mental entities, Agents, Communicative Acts. • IKF-IF-LEX Ontology for Norm Comparaison [A. Gangemi et al., 2001]: • Agents, Institutive Norms, Instrumental provisions; Regulative norms; Open-textured legal notions, Norm dynamics.

  18. Trojahn, Quaresma and Vieira Table of Legal Ontologies (2008)

  19. Table 1. Extension of André Valente’s table of existing legal ontologies (Valente, 2005).

  20. Cognitive Modeling. C.W.Chang (2003)

  21. Cognitive Modeling.C.W.Chang (2003)

  22. Organización jerárquica por niveles Fuente: Breuker etal.; in A. Gangemi, J. Breuker (2002: 29).

  23. LKIF-Core-Ontology

  24. Web Semántica(Web 3.0) E. Motta and M. Sabou (2006-2007) identifican diversas características de la nueva generación de WS: • (i) reusabilidad (vs. generación de datos semánticos) • (ii) sistemas multi-ontológicos (vs. ontologías singulares) • (iii) apertura a recursos semánticos de alto nivel (top-level resources)

  25. Web Semántica (Web 3.0) • (iv) la escalabilidad es tan importante como la calidad de los datos • (v) apertura respecto a la Web (recursos no semánticos) • (vi) asunción del paradigma interactivo de la Web 2.0 • (vii) apertura a los servicios Web.

  26. GARTNER Hype Cycle for the implementation of a new technology(2006)

  27. GARTNER Hype Cycle for Legal and Regulatory Information Governance,16 July 2007

  28. Colin Rule (e-Bay): Square-trade • "If you have any doubt that consumers are moving to online commerce, take a look at eBay, the online auction company. In the 13 years since it was founded, eBay has grown into the largest marketplace in the world. In the first half of 2008, there were more than one billion product listings added to eBay worldwide. At any given moment, there are more than 100 million listings around the world, and approximately 7.1 million listings are added each day.eBay users trade almost every kind of item imaginable, in more than 50,000 categories. On eBay, a pair of shoes sells every 7 seconds, a cell phone sells every 7 seconds, and a car sells every 56 seconds. The daily volume of trade on eBay is greater than the daily volume of the NASDAQ. • Unsurprisingly, all of these transactions generate a lot of consumer disputes. Even though less than 1 percent of purchases generate a problem, the incredible volume on the site means eBay handles more than 40 million disputes a year, in more than 16 different languages”

  29. Transformación del derecho: justicia relacional (Casanovas, 2009) • “Relational Justice may be defined as the substantive and formal structure that allows end users, in the broader sense (as citizens, consumers, customers, clients, managers, officials…), to participate in the making of their own regulation and legal outcomes through all the mixed and plural strategies that the Semantic Web framework allows. This implies the coexistence of legal and social norms, rights and duties to be shared by subjects (artificial or natural agents) in a structured environment. Therefore, user centered strategies of the next SW generation fit into a middle-out legal approach in which there are rights to be protected and duties to be put in place. The expressive content of Web 2.0 may be shaped as well by the service-oriented motivation of the Web 3.0. “

  30. Transformación del derecho II: derecho relacional (ibid.) • “From a more traditional point of view, relational justice may be described as a subset of relational law. Thisis not a new concept, either in public or private law. Regulatory bonds through the emergence of a shared context are the base of several sociological descriptions (Macauley, 1963) and well-known classifications of contracts ―e.g. the notion of relational exchange norms (Macneil, 1985).”

  31. Libro Blanco de la Mediación en Cataluña • http://www.llibreblancmediacio.com

  32. 1. Definició de mediació (en el vostre àmbit)

  33. Citizens Web 2.0 Suite for ODR Internet ODR Service Bus Storage ODR Service Execution ODR Service Definition Management Tools Ontologies … Administration Environment Family Healthcare ODR Web Platform

  34. Poblet & Casanovas (2008)

  35. Retos • “Knowledge-acquisition bottleneck” (Feigenbaum, 1977) • Representación de conocimiento (e,g, los procesos judiciales y su lenguaje no han sido descritos en detalle) • Construcción de ontologías jurídicas (una sola ontología nuclear?) • Usuarios finales • Interoperabilidad semántica entre lenguajes, sistemas y con los usuarios • Superación de obstáculos jurídicos y políticos • Adaptación del ciclo de vida de los sistemas al ritmo de desarrollo de las instituciones

  36. Añadir semántica al derecho significa…. • Comprender las transformaciones del mercado jurídico y de la sociedad (necesidades de la gente como usuarios de la Web) • Estar atentos a las posibilidades de la nueva generación de aplicaciones de la WS (interoperatividad con el usuario, sea ciudadano o profesional) • Enfrentarse a los viejos problemas, especialmente los de adquisición de conocimiento y construcción de ontologías

  37. Más en… • R.V. Benjamins, P.Casanovas, J. Breuker, A. Gangemi (eds.), Law and the Semantic Web, LNAI 3369, Springer, 2005. • P. Casanovas, G.Sartor, N.Casellas, R.Rubino (eds.), Computable Models of the Law, LNAI 4884, Springer, 2008 • J. Breuker, P.Casanovas, M.Klein, E. Francesconi (eds.), Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web. Channelling the Legal Information Flood. IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2009.

  38. Eventos • http://idt.uab.cat/icail2009/ • http://www.simposiummediacio.com/ • http://idt.uab.es/IVRXXIV-aicol09/

  39. GRACIAS!

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