Framework of the study

1. Framework of the study • Problem definition • Objectives of the study • Background of studied area • Methodology • Results and discussion • Conclusions and recommendations

2. Problem Definition • The agricultural sector employs more than 55% of labors force . • Rain, spate and spring irrigation were predominant in the past in Sana’a Basin. • Since thirty years ago tub-wells became the main source for water irrigation. • Agriculture consumed approximately 90 % of groundwater for irrigation by using traditional irrigation methods

3. Groundwater depletion is About 5-7m per year • Estimated Withdrawal is ≈ 260Mm3 • Recharge of groundwater is about 46Mm3 • Quality of water degradation • So agriculture activities will face a big problem in the near future

5. Study Objectives • To discernment irrigation water management on-field level. • To evaluate the role of economic incentives in groundwater depletion. • To assess farmers awareness, policy and the application of legislation to improve irrigating water uses efficiency.

6. Area 3250 Km2 325000 ha Background of Studied Area <2000m N 1666100, 1750000 >3600m E 390000, 452150

8. Districts of Sana’a Basin 43.2% 38,891 24.2% 10,046 100% 100% 1,747,834 100% 73,957 32.5% 11,779 74.9% 63,612 80.6% 64,832 28.6% 28,605 5.9% 3,009

9. <100mm Rainfall The average of rainfall is 200-250mm/y. >315mm

10. Geology 1- Quaternary alluvium 2- Quaternary volcanic3- Tertiary volcanic4- Cretaceous sandstone 5- Jurassic limestone

11. Sub-basin

12. Groundwater aquifers

13. Previous Studies Sana'a basin submitted to many studies but the important of them is: • Italconsult between 1970-1973 • Howard hammvi, 1980-1983 • Russian study by Mosgiprovodkhoz, 1986 • TNO, 1987-1996 • WEC studies in 2001. • Hydrosult, SBWMP, 2003 ( continues) • GAF, 2005 • JICA studies in 2007

15. Well Uses for Irrigation

16. Points of water for irrigation in Sana’a Basin

17. Distribution of Irrigated agriculture Bani-Al-Harith Bani-hashish Hamdan

18. Abstraction and Irrigated Area *hectare ×1000 **MCM

19. Area Proportion

20. Library activity • Responsible Interview • Data collection • Questionnaire Design • Sampling Plan • Farmers Interviews • Data analysis Methodology

21. Questionnaire design • Number of questions (87) are included in the following factors: • General questions • Crop pattern and water management • Economic incentives • Social awareness • Institutional effort • Laws, legislations and water conflicts issues

23. Farmers Interview

24. Results and discussion

25. General questions

26. Educational level

27. Major income resource

28. Sources of irrigation water

29. Own wells percentage

30. Type of well

31. Selected option under limitation of irrigation water

32. Purchase water for irrigation

33. From Where you buy water irrigation?

34. Crop Pattern and Water Management in the Field

35. Type of irrigation

36. Irrigation method

37. Estimated distance between the farm and source of irrigation water

38. Economic Incentives

39. Type of used pump

40. Do you get more yield If you add more water for crops?

41. Are you using modern irrigation technologies?

42. Reasons which delay using modern irrigation methods

43. Problems accompanying using modern irrigation methods • Blockage • Design difficulties • Unsuitable for big tree • Expensive • Bad quality • Lack of instructions • Tilling • Scattering of frame parts • Low yield • Change crops • Long distance between farm and well

44. Crops need more water irrigation

45. Are you cultivated crops need more water?

47. Social Awareness

48. Are your region suffer from water lack?

50. Rationing water used by using modern irrigation Methods • Guidance farmers to use modern irrigation Methods, non expended in area of cultivation and no flooding • Water saving • Awareness and advice • Subsidies and entering modern irrigation Methods Goals of WUA