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APUSH Notes 12A

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APUSH Notes 12A

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    1. APUSH Notes #12A— The Vietnam War Era (1954—1975)

    3. Sec 1: Origins of the Vietnam War

    5. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    6. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    7. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    8. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    9. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    10. Vietnam & French Indochina, 1954

    12. United States Involvement Vietcong (VC)— Communist rebel group in South Vietnam known as the National Liberation Front (NLF) which led rebel raids on the government of South Vietnam. Protests by Monks and various groups led to the unpopularity to the South Vietnamese government.

    13. Clash of Forces U.S.S. Maddox— United States destroyer which was attacked (August 2, 1964) by North Vietnamese torpedo boat and returned fire. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— Law passed by Congress which authorized the President “to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States.”

    14. United States Leadership William Westmoreland— The United States commander in Vietnam. Robert McNamara— Secretary of Defense under JFK and Lyndon Johnson who pushed for an aggressive policy in Vietnam.

    15. The Brutality of the War

    17. Sec 2: U.S. Involvement Grows

    21. Tactics in the War The United States relied heavily on the “air war” and dropped nearly 6 million tons of bombs in the conflict. The Viet Cong used guerrilla tactics and the Ho Chi Minh Trail to move supplies.

    22. Battlefield Conditions Many South Vietnamese were indifferent to the war. Jungle fighting in elephant grass and rice paddies. Leeches, fever, jungle rot, malaria, etc. all took its toll on both sides. The Vietcong used tunnels and “punji” stakes as tactical weapons. Many civilian deaths were caused by the military on both sides.

    23. Doubt Grows on the Home Front The Vietnam War weakened the economy and put a strain on LBJ’s “Great Society” as both programs were expensive. Rising prices and inflation grew by the end of the 1960s. Antiwar movement emerged (especially on college campuses). “Hawks” supported Johnson’s war policy. “Doves” opposed his policy. Senator J. William Fulbright believed that it was a civil war and not a Cold War conflict.

    24. Sec 3: The War Divides America

    25. Sec 3: The War Divides America

    26. Antiwar Protests Increase Draftee— A male who was drafted into military service. The draft became unpopular as deferments (the ability of college students and men in certain occupations to avoid the draft) increased in the later 1960s. Activism against the war spread on college campuses. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was founded in 1960 at the University of Michigan and clash with authorities. A “credibility gap” by many Americans began as many began to distrust the Johnson administration.

    28. Tet Offensive Tet Offensive— Attack by North Vietnamese Army on positions all over South Vietnam (January, 1968). American and South Vietnamese forces repelled the offensive, but it showed that the war would not be easily won. A majority of Americans turned against the war following the attack. Johnson decided to not seek reelection in 1968 due to the war’s unpopularity and attacks on his presidency.

    29. Presidential Election of 1968 Robert Kennedy (brother of JFK) was running and won the California primary for he Democratic Party, but was assassinated in a Los Angeles hotel on June 5, 1968. Hubert Humphrey became the Democratic Party nominee. Protesters disrupt the Chicago Democratic Convention (Chicago used police to beat activists). Richard Nixon was nominated by the Republican Party. Southern conservatives supported the American Independent Party. Nixon won the election, promising “peace with honor” in Vietnam.

    30. Presidential Election of 1968

    31. Richard M. Nixon 37th President 1969—1974 Party: Republican Home State: California Vice Presidents: Spiro T. Agnew Gerald Ford

    32. Answer C AAnswer C A

    35. Sec 4: The War’s End and Impact

    36. Sec 4: The War’s End and Impact

    38. Nixon Starts the Pullout Neither the United States, North Vietnam, nor South Vietnam would compromise of any peace negotiations. Vietnamization – United States forces withdraw as South Vietnam troops assumed more combat duties. Nixon called for an increase in the bombing of the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” in Cambodia initiating an attack by United States forces.

    40. Kent State

    41. My Lai Massacre My Lai— A village in Vietnam which was attacked by United States forces under Lt. William Calley, Jr. on March 16, 1968. The event sparked anti-war protests as pictures of the incident were published in Life magazine in 1971. Calley was later found guilty and convicted.

    42. Pentagon Papers Pentagon Papers— A 1971 publication which was classified and implicated that the United States government had a history involvement in Vietnam despite denying allegations. The papers also revealed that the government did not fully inform the American people and occasionally lied to Congress.

    43. American Troops Leave Vietnam The United States and North Vietnam came to terms (October 1972). 1973 Paris Peace Accords were signed by the United States and North Vietnam (South Vietnam refused to sign the document). 550 United States POWs returned home (including John McCain). In 1975, Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese.

    44. The End of the War

    48. Effects of the War 58,000 American soldiers dead (many more physically or psychologically affected). 2 million Vietnamese dead. Cambodia became communist and the Khmer Rouge (a communist guerilla force) carried out genocide resulting in the killing of 2 million Cambodians; Laos also became communist). Vietnam veterans treated badly on return home. War Powers Act of 1973— The act restricted the President’s war-making powers by requiring him to consult with Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict.

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    51. Nixon Redefines American Foreign Policy Henry Kissinger was Nixon’s leading advisor on foreign affairs who helped shape Nixon’s “Realpolitik” policy. Realpolitik— The use of “real politics” in political goal-making in an effort to define national interests not unrealistic ideologies.

    52. Nixon Redefines American Foreign Policy In February of 1972, Nixon traveled to China to meet with Premier Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong paving the way to recognize China (officially) in 1979. The trip to China opened trade between both nations on a large scale and prompted the Soviets to extend an invitation for Nixon to visit the Kremlin.

    53. Détente with the Soviet Union In May of 1972, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev met with Nixon in Moscow. Both nations eventually signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) which froze the deployment of ICBMs and placed limits on anti-ballistic missiles.

    54. Détente with the Soviet Union Nixon’s strategy of Détente (easing tensions with the Soviet Union) allowed the United States to be more flexible toward communism and be more pragmatic with the used of foreign policy.

    56. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 6) 1. Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? In 1954, the United States became involved in Vietnam to stop the spread of communism.

    57. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 6) 2. What were the causes and effects of the United States involvement in Vietnam? Causes of the growing United States involvement in Vietnam: Lack of progress toward victory against communist forces. Inability to deal with the tactical war being fought on the ground.

    58. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 6) 2 (Cont’d). What were the causes and effects of the United States involvement in Vietnam? Effects of the growing United States involvement in Vietnam: The commitment of more resources weakened the United States economy. Decline in the support of the war at home. Decline in military morale.

    59. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 6) 3. How did the United States war effort in Vietnam lead to rising protests and social divisions back home? Protest and social division were caused by the following: Little progress in the war was being made. Many casualties. Most soldiers were from poor, working-class, or Black backgrounds. Government use of positive statements about the war when news reports showed opposite view.

    60. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 7) 4. How did the Vietnam conflict end and what were its lasting effects? The Vietnam War ended with the following: The United States withdrew forces from South Vietnam. The war’s lasting effects included the communist takeover of South Vietnam. On the Homefront, the lack of recognition for Vietnam veterans.

    61. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 7) 4 (Cont’d). How did the Vietnam conflict end and what were its lasting effects? The Vietnam War ended with the following: A long period of healing for the nation. Restriction of the President’s “war-making” powers. Distrust of leaders and hesitancy on the part of the American public about intervention in the affairs of other nations.

    62. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 7) 5. How did President Richard M. Nixon change Cold War diplomacy during his presidency? President Richard Nixon worked to reduce tensions between the United States and China, and the United States and Soviet Union.

    63. “The Vietnam War Years” (p. 7) 6. What impact did the conflict in Vietnam have on the United States economy in the late 1960s and early 1970s? Although the unemployment rate fell, the war led to rising prices, inflation, and strain on the federal government’s budgets creating stagflation.

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