Following Directions

1. Following Directions • Can you follow Directions?

2. Scientific Process

3. DO NOW • Pick Up both Sheets on the Cart of Science • Youtube Clips on Variables and Scientific Method – on my website • Think About – Does water increase growth in plants?

4. Scientific Inquirysection 1.3 • Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.

5. The Scientific Method • A planned organized approach to solving a problem.

6. Step 1: Question Curiosity about an observation sparks a question. • Scientific Inquiry begins with a problem, or a question about an observation. • Some questions can not be investigated by scientific inquiry: Does water increase growth in plants? Does my dog eat more food than my cat? Which makes a better pet – a dog or a cat?

7. Step 2: Research Has anyone ever tried to answer this question before? • Once you have a question, you will try to gain some insight into that question by conducting research. • We learn from the work other scientists have done before us.

8. Step 3: Hypothesis How could you explain your observation? • A hypothesis is a testable statement. (If I do this… then this will happen) • A Hypothesis is an explanation to a question that can be tested and supported with evidence. • An educated guess. • Once scientists have a hypothesis, they can test it with an experiment.

9. Step 4: ExperimentDetermine if your hypothesis is correct. • Design an experiment. • In every experiment there are variables and controls. • During the experiment scientists must collect data and record the results.

10. Step 5: AnalyzeInterpret the results of your experiment. • Once the experiment is over, scientists analyze the data in order to interpret it and reach a conclusion. • Organize your data and look for trends. • Compare the results with your hypothesis and predictions.

11. Step 6: Conclude Summarize what you have learned from the experiment. • Decide if your results supported your hypothesis. • If not, the hypothesis is rejected. • When a series of related hypotheses have been tested and confirmed many times, in a variety of experiments ,by a variety of scientists a theory is born.

12. Step 6: Conclude • A good scientist will verify their results further by conducting the experiment many times in order to make sure the results are the same each time. • The final step is to communicate the results to other scientists around the world.

13. Question Does Gatorade increase growth in plants?

14. Question Research

15. Question Research Hypothesis

16. Question Research Hypothesis Experiment

17. Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis

18. Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion

19. Constants, Controls, and Variables Independent Variable – Water (what is tested) Constants ( stay the same) Dependent Variable – Growth (cm) (the outcome of the test) Control – Not Tested Variable – The Test

20. All Good Experiments Have • Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting) • Controls – Things that are not tested (normal) • Variables – Things that change • Independent – what the scientists change or test • Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test (measure) • Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)

21. Why do we use only One Variable? • One Variable • Two Variables

22. ONE VARIABLE • If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.

23. Witch Skit

24. Brain POP • http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/

25. DO NEXT • Take a look at the dependent and independent variables sheet

26. Science That was Proven Wrong http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqaDf2fuUH8

27. Great Scientific Discoveries (that were totally wrong)

28. Earth-centric Universe Claudius Ptolemy Galileo

29. The Planet Vulcan Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier

30. Spontaneous Generation Aristotle Louis Pasteur

31. Expanding Earth Nikola Tesla Alfred Wegener

32. Martian Canals Giovanni Schiaparelli.

33. Phrenology

34. Humorism Hippocrates

35. Do Now 1) Take out your IDENTIFYING VARIABLES Packet 2) Fill in the blanks below with your neighbor Every experiment needs to have _____________, ________________ and ____________.

36. All Good Experiments Have • Constants – Things that stay the same (time, temp, setting) • Controls – Things that are not tested (normal) • Variables – Things that change • Independent – what the scientists change or test • Dependent – changes that occur as a result of the test (measure) • Hypothesis – If the temperature (independent) is increased then it will be more likely to rain (dependent)

37. ONE VARIABLE • If you change two or more variables at the same time, you wouldn't know which one is having an effect on the outcome. There might also be no change - in that case, you don't know which one is affecting the results either way and how. By changing one at a time, you can precisely measure what changes happen and exactly how they are related.

38. DO NEXT • Take out your Identifying Variables Packet • Read over the instructions and the example

42. DO NOW (6 minutes) • Please pick up Designing a Good Experiment and HEART LAB on the cart in front of the supplies cabinet. • PUT THIS IN YOUR AGENDA • UNIT 1 ASSESSMENT NEXT FRIDAY 10/3 • Study guides will be available next week • See if you and your neighbor can fill in the blanks on the Designing a Good experiment sheet

43. Designing A Good Experiment Question What is the effect of exercise on heart rate? Research

44. Designing A Good Experiment Once you have conducted your research you need to formulate a Hypothesis Your hypothesis should be an IF - THEN statement that attempts to answer your question… (think about what you know from your RESEARCH)

45. Designing a Good Experiment What is the effect of exercise on heart rate? Hypothesis IF I exercise, THEN my heart rate will go up.

46. Experiment • In a well designed experiment you need to have a control, variable, an constants.

47. Designing a Good Experimentthe control group • A group of subjects in an experiment that are not manipulated or given any special treatment. • Everything stays the SAME for this group and it is used for comparison. Experimental Group Won’t Exercise Will Exercise

48. Designing a Good ExperimentVariables • There are two different variables in every experiment, the dependent variable and the independent variable.

49. Dependent variables that may change as a result of the independent variable the factor you measure to gather results usually expressed after the word “then” in the hypothesis could be thought of as the “effect” in a cause and effect relationship Example The person’s heart rate Variables Independent • variables that are purposely changed or manipulated in an experiment • the factor that you wish to test • usually expressed after the word “if” in the hypothesis • could be thought of as the “cause” in a cause and effect relationship Example The activity level (resting, walking, running)

50. Designing a Good Experiment Constants • Factors in an experiment (both in the experimental and control groups) that are kept the same and not allowed to change. Examples • One minute was consistently the amount of time allotted to perform the necessary activity • The type of activity performed • The stopwatch used during data collection • The method used to measure the heart rate