European History Protestant Reformation

1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)For in the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 ) European History Protestant Reformation

2. Childhood & Youth • born Nov. 10, 1483 – Martin Luder, son of copper miner • German • Father worked himself up to middle class -- middle class family • Father was a strict disciplinarian

3. Promise to become a monk • July 2, 1505 near Sotterheim, nearly struck by lightning • cried out to Saint Ann • Promised to be monk if spared • 1505 enters Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt

4. Priest & Professor • Took vows & ordained 9 months after entering • 1 ½ Years of Theological study • Struggled with Scrupulosity: imagining sin where there is none or imagining grave matter where there is none • 1512 Doctorate in Theology • Professorship at Wittenberg (1514-1518)

5. Luther’s image of God • Righteous lawgiver • Administer of justice • “severe” image of God (not uncommon at the time) • Believed God would not forgive him • Went to confession many times a day sometimes

6. Luther’s Objections to the Church • Misunderstanding of Divine Justice and man’s sinfulness • The spark: The sale of indulgences…

7. Indulgences • as of 1514 Priest at Wittenburg’s City Church • enraged over sale of indulgences and manner in which Tetzel sold them • Luther preaches against the sale of indulgences

8. Indulgences • Pope Leo X needs money to fund construction of St. Peter’s Basilica • “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” – Johannes Tetzel • Luther questions the Pope’s authority to maintain the claims of the indulgences and worries that people are actually damning themselves by purchasing them

10. 95 Theses • Oct. 31, 1517: posted 95 Theses, Castle Church of Wittenberg • The 95 Theses themselves are not heretical • June 27, 1519 Leipzig Debate – Johannes Eck made it clear to Luther what his 95 Theses and subsequent writings taught or implied= opposition to Church, dismissed Papal authority, dismissed authority of Church councils

11. The Divide Widens…(1520) • Address to the Nobility of the German Nation • Political plea in German to German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed church • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church • Theological tract in Latin attacking sacramental system of the Church has held the real meaning of Christianity captive for thousands of years • On the Freedom of Christian Man • Doctrine of salvation – man is saved by grace and faith alone • “Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works.”

12. Burning the Papal Bull • June 15, 1520 – Papal Bull (Pope Leo X), Luther must recant or be excommunicated – 2 months to decide • Luther protests: burns Bull and Code of Canon Law • Jan. 3, 1521 – Luther is excommunicated • Summoned by Reichstag and Emperor Charles V to Diet of Worms to recant

13. Diet of Worms, Jan. 1521 • Luther declared an outlaw • Works should be burned and banned • Warrant for arrest under penalty of death Luther’s protector Elector Friedrich the Wise of Saxon

14. The Wartburg

15. The Wartburg 1521 Luther goes to Wartburg • in 11 weeks he translates the New Testament, “September Testament” • published in 1522 • standardizes the German language

16. Luther returns • Returns to Wittenburg • begins seriously writing to spread his beliefs • Dissemination of pamphlets • Help from German princes interested in gaining independence from the Habsburg Emperor

17. Spread of Reform • Huldrych Zwingli • Believed that Luther had not gone far enough • Banished images of Christ, saints • Rejected the Eucharist

18. Peasants’ War • 1524 peasants led by Thomas Münzer (priest/former Luther follower) demand more just economical conditions • Luther encourages spiritual freedom from despots, not economic or political freedom • Peasants are violently put down on May 15, 1525 (5 – 6,000 killed by Imperial Army) • After 1525, the reform moved out of the realm of religion

19. Luther’s Theology • Luther downplays man’s capacity for theological knowledge and the merit of good works • Luther believed that man cannot do good – he can never overcome his sinfulness • The soul will always remain corrupt • Jesus covers the sin so that one can be saved

20. Luther’s Theology • Romans 1:17 • Justification through faith alone, no works • 4 doctrines from this idea • Sola scriptura – no Tradition • Sola fide – no corporal/spiritual works of mercy • Sola gratia • Solo Christo

21. Luther’s Church • 2 sacraments: Baptism and Communion • Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation • “Priesthood of all believers” • No hierarchy w/in the church SO Luther relies on princes and political authorities to help organize and guide the Lutheran church • Social & educational responsibilities taken over by church • Community money box • need for well-educated pastors, teachers, & civil servants • Authorities obligated to provide a good education for the youth

22. Luther marries • June 13, 1525 Luther marries Katharina von Bora • Big happy family • 6 children, 1 of Katharina’s relatives, 6 of Luther’s sister’s children, student boarders

23. Split of the Holy Roman Empire • After 1525, there are Lutheran states and Catholic states • Charles V tries to bring unity • Truce between factions • Asked for a Church Council] • Tried to establish dialogue with Lutherans • 1546 went to war against the Lutheran princes

24. Peace of Augsburg • 1555 Charles V hands the war over to his brother Ferdinand • Ferdinand agrees to the Peace of Augsburg • Acknowledges Lutheran as a religious option in the empire • Rulers are free to determine if their realms are Lutheran or Catholic

25. Protestant Reformation across Europe, 1520-1570 • Radical reform desired by Anabaptists • Separation of Church and State • Abolish infant baptism • Refused civil obligations (taxes, militia, etc.) • Charles V outlaws Anabaptist beliefs • John Calvin • French • Studied Theology then Law

26. Calvinism • Calvin converted to Protestantism • Fled from Paris because of pro Catholic French government • Writes The Institutes of Christian Religion in 1536 • Most well known teaching is double predestination • Ruled Geneva

27. Spread of Calvinism • Geneva is center • Sent out missionaries throughout Europe • Calvinists in France are Huguenots • Gain adherents in the Netherlands • John Knox takes Calvinism to Scotland in 1558 – Presbyterian

28. Reform in England • Henry VIII is king • In 1521 he publishes a treatise against Lutheranism • Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn (already married to Catherine of Aragon) • Asks for annulment • NO from the Pope • YES from Archbishop of Canterbury

29. Henry VIII • Married Anne Boleyn • Pope excommunicated him • Henry responded with The Act of Supremacy • “the supreme head on earth of the Church in England”

30. Reform in England • 1547 Henry VIII is succeed by his only son Edward VI • 1553 Edward VI dies • Mary (Henry and Catherine’s daughter) succeeded Edward VI • She is Catholic & restores Catholicism in England • Executed 300+ Protestants – “Bloody Mary”

31. Reform in England • 1558 Mary died childless • Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn) succeeded Mary • She is Protestant • 1571 declares official Theology of the Church in England (39 Articles)