AP European Protestant Reformation

1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)For in the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; as it is written, "The one who is righteous will live by faith" ( Romans 1:17 ) AP European Protestant Reformation

2. Childhood & Youth • born Nov. 10, 1483 – Martin Luder • son of copper miner • attends a Latin school (medieval), 1497 attends Brotherhood of Common Life boarding school in Magdeburg, 1498 moves to Eisenach and attends parish school • 1501 – University of Erfurt – liberal arts • Baccalaureate in 1502 • Master’s degree in 1505 • begins studying LAW

3. Conversion • July 2, 1505 near Sotterheim, nearly struck by lightening • cried out to Saint Anne • shocked family and friends • 1505 enters Black Monastery (Augustinian) in Erfurt

4. Priest & Professor • ordained in 1507 • studies Theology at Erfurt • Ad fontes! Back to the source! • reading Bible in Hebrew & Greek • 1512 Doctorate in Theology • Professorship at Wittenberg (1514-1518) • Psalms, Letters to the Romans, Galatians & Hebrews

5. Indulgences • as of 1514 Priest at Wittenburg’s City Church • enraged over sale of indulgences and manner in which Tetzel sold them • Luther preaches against the sale of indulgences

6. 95 Theses • Oct 13, 1517, 95 Theses, Castle Church • “rebel in the ranks”, a few bishops actually agreed with Luther • 1518 – Inquisition began in Rome • June 15, 1520 – Papal Bull (Pope Leo X) of excommunication, Luther must recant or leave the Church

7. Burning the Papal Bull • Luther protests: burns Bull and book of church law • Jan. 3, 1521 – Luther is excommunicated • Emperor Charles V offers safe passage to Diet of Worms Read 95 Theses excerpts

8. Diet of Worms, April 1521 • Excommunication will be rescinded if Luther recants position • Edict of Worms: • Outlaw & Death Sentence Luther’s protector Elector Friedrich the Wise of Saxon View Martin Luther, 2003: scene 10

9. View Martin Luther, 2003: scene 13

10. The Wartburg

11. The Wartburg 1521 Luther goes to Wartburg • in 11 weeks he translates the New Testament, “September Testament” • published in 1522 • standardizes the German language • visitations from the devil!?

12. Luther and the Devil

13. Luther returns • March 1521 returns to Wittenburg • attempts to bring the Reformation movement back to a more moderate line • begins seriously writing to spread his beliefs • 1522-1524 preaching becomes his main priority

14. Luther’s Church • Justification by Faith, Salvation by Grace • 2 Sacraments: Baptism & Communion • community money box • social & educational responsibilities taken over by church • need for well-educated pastors, teachers, & civil servants • authorities obligated to provide a good education for the youth

15. Peasants War • 1525 peasants led by Thomas Münzer (priest/former follower) demand more just economical conditions • Luther encourages spiritual freedom from despots, not economic or political freedom • Peasants are violently put down on May 15, 1525 View Martin Luther, 2003: scene 16 / Discuss pp. 326

16. Luther marries • June 13, 1525 Luther marries Katharina von Bora • big happy family • 6 children, 1 of Katharina’s relatives, 6 of Luther’s sister’s children, student boarders See Swiss and Zwingli PPT

17. Diet of Speyer, 1526 • “Protestants” = followers of Luther who gathered at Diet of Speyers to “protest” the policies of Charles V & Catholic princes opposed to Luther • ius reformandi: right to reform belonged to states not to Empire

18. Augsburg Confession • Diet of Augsburg, 1530 • Supporters and followers of Luther present a summary of his beliefs, which later become the doctrine of the Lutheran Church • Implemented in reformed states & towns by princes, prelates, or consistories (council of ministers & lawyers)

19. Spread of Luther’s Ideas • Quickly spread to former anti-papal movements • Hungary having been defeated by Turks was now open for conversion • Merchants took his ideas to the Baltic states & Scandinavia • Schmalkalkdic League formed, 1530s • King Christian III (Denmark) converts country; Sweden (& territory of Finland), under King Gustavus Vasa found the first national reformed church, 1527; by 1540s Norway has become Lutheran

20. Final years: 1540-1546 • physically ill • wrote most scathing works: • Jews and their Lies (1543) • Against the Papacy at Rome Founded by the Devil! (1545) • Feb. 18, 1546 died in Eisleben, body interred at the Castle Church in Wittenburg

21. Political Revolution & Lutheranism • social reform, not intended as political revolution • Peasant Wars, 1524-1525: under the leadership of Thomas Münzer are not supported or successful • Aristocracy are successful • ius reformandi, Diet of Speyer, 1529 • Treaty of Augsburg, 1555

22. Helpful Politicians (direct/indirect) • 1520: Friedrich of Saxony • 1525: Albert of Brandenburg (East Prussia) converts • King Frances I (France), although Catholic, is embattled with Charles V in territorial disputes (Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544) • During 2nd H-V War (1527-1529) Pope Clement VII sides with France and Rome is sacked! & Charles V gains control over much of Italy • Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) • Battle of Mohacs (1526) Ottoman Turks kill King Louis of Hungary and take most of Hungary, move through Austria and advance on Vienna!