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Unit Six: The Contemporary World 1900-Present

Unit Six: The Contemporary World 1900-Present. APWH Exam Review. Major Themes. Technological Developments Major international conflicts Post-colonization/Independence Movements Globalization Increasing concern for Environmental Impact. Big Picture Impact of 20th Century.

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Unit Six: The Contemporary World 1900-Present

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  1. Unit Six: The Contemporary World1900-Present APWH Exam Review

  2. Major Themes • Technological Developments • Major international conflicts • Post-colonization/Independence Movements • Globalization • Increasing concern for Environmental Impact

  3. Big Picture Impact of 20th Century • The World Wars: reduction of European influence outside of Europe; end of imperialism; rise of power of US • Holocaust: increase in Zionism; creation of Israel; concept of “Genocide” and crimes against humanity • Cold War: globalization of diplomacy and conflict; division of world into East vs. West; nuclear weaponry • International Organizations: emphasis on diplomacy; League of Nations; United Nations; NATO; Warsaw Pact;

  4. Technological Developments • WWI: machine gun, submarine, fighter planes, mustard gas (chemical warfare) • WWII: advanced flight and naval technologies, atomic weapons • Cold War: Nuclear proliferation • Other technologies

  5. Environmental Impact • Impact of war on the environment • Impact of use of raw materials on environment • Increasing environmental movements • 1960s/1970s: Green Revolution • Silent Spring: 1962, Rachel Carson • Late 20th Century: Global Warming/An Inconvenient Truth

  6. Causes: Long Term Causes: Militarism Nationalism Imperialism Alliance System Short-Term Causes: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Consequences: Increased Women’s Rights Treaty of Versailles (1919) 14 Points Self-Determination Call of Self-Determination League of Nations (failed) Middle East - Mandate System Decline of Major Empires: Isolationism (US) Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal/Ataturk Turkey World War I (1914-1918)

  7. Causes: All of the causes of WWI, plus: New Ideologies: Fascism, Communism, Nazism Great Depression Japanese Aggression Appeasement Germany breaks Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union Features of WW2: Blitzkrieg – lightning war Battle of Britain (1940): Britain keeps Germany out of country Pearl Harbor (12/7/1941) – response to US refusal to lift economic sanctions off of Japan Manhattan Project – development of atomic bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War II (1939-1945)

  8. Consequences of WWII • Holocaust – 10 million total dead; 6 million Jews; 4 million others; definition of genocide in response to this event • Peace Settlement – Yalta and Potsdam Conferences • Divide Germany and Eastern Europe into different “spheres of influence” to be rebuilt by victors of war • Marshall Plan (1947) • Imperialism on the decline; independence of colonies • Creation of Israel as a sovereign state • Creation of the United Nations • Beginning of the Cold War

  9. The Cold War (1945-1991) • War of ideologies between 2 major world superpower (US and USSR) • 2 superpowers never directly fight each other • East Germany (communist); West Germany (democratic); Berlin Wall (1961) • New Alliances: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact • USSR: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and Hungary • US: England, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece and Turkey • Iron Curtain – W. Churchill

  10. China becomes Communist in 1949 Mao Zedong Great Leap Forward – starvation of 30 million due to push to advance agriculturally in a short time Cultural Revolution (1966): forced agricultural work to prevent influence of the Western ideals 1976: Deng Xiaoping: expand foreign trade and industrial production, Tiananmen Square (1989): gov’t sends troops on demonstration killing 100s of protestors Korea (1950-1953): Soviet backs North US backs South; US troops under the control of Gen. MacArthur Armistice signed in 1953 that divided country in two parts at the 38th parallel Vietnam (1950s through early 1970s) Cuba becomes Communist Fidel Castro (1961) Bay of Pigs : US led revolt against Castro Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) The Cold War

  11. Germany – reunifies in early 1990s after Berlin Wall is toppled by citizens in 1989 Soviet Union: Gorbachev – Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) 1985-1991 – almost all of the Soviet satellite states remove themselves from USSR and end communism Poland - Solidarity Movement End of Cold War

  12. Iranian Revolution (1979) Ayatollah Khomeini (US supported at 1st); overthrow previous leader (Shah) Shi’a Islamic government Reverse modernization and Westernization programs Women need to wear veils and traditional garments Qur’an is basis for legal system Capital: Tehran Current President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 20th Century Nationalism - The Middle East

  13. 20th Century Nationalism - Africa • South Africa gains independence in 1910 • World Wars devastate European powers; brings about decolonization and African nationalism • French: face violent revolutions in Algeria and Vietnam • Sub-Saharan Africa: by late 1960s, most independent; face many problems • Border disputes; ethnic disputes (Rwanda; genocide: 800,000 killed) • Egypt: Nasser asserts military control over Egypt; opposes Israel; Sadat is more moderate, but is assassinated; Hosni Mubarak (recently removed from power)

  14. 20th Century Nationalism - India • Nationalist groups form in India prior to WWI; movement split into groups led by Hindus or Muslims • British refuse Indian independence after WWI - results in some violent clashes between Indians and British • Gandhi - nonviolence movement; protests; civil disobedience • Gain independence in 1947 • Partition of India and Pakistan • India - dominated by Hindus • Pakistan - dominated by Muslims

  15. 20th Century Nationalism in Latin America • Internal conflict prevalent in 20th century • Mexico: revolutions rage from 1911 through 1934 in order to gain more control by peasants; leads to strict control of country by gov’t until 1990s • Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro; Communism

  16. Globalization • International need for oil • OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • Persian Gulf War (1991) • Rise of International Terrorism • More International Organizations: • WTO: World Trade Organization (1994; 150 countries) • G8: forum for major industrialized countries (US, Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Canada, Russia) • International Economic Connections • NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement • European Union

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