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Compromised airway

Compromised airway. Anesthesia for patients with compromised airway. Adel Mikhail Fahmy , MD Assistant professor of Anesthesia Ain Shams University. Goals of airway management. Some factors in airway evaluation.

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Compromised airway

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  1. Compromised airway

  2. Anesthesia for patients with compromised airway Adel Mikhail Fahmy, MD Assistant professor of Anesthesia Ain Shams University

  3. Goals of airway management

  4. Some factors in airway evaluation

  5. Two Important Airway Classifications:ACormack and Lehane classification of the view at laryngoscopy. Grade I: most of the glottis is seenGrade II: only posterior portion of glottis can be seenGrade III: only epiglottis seen (none of glottis seen)Grade IV: neither epiglottis nor glottis can be seenBMallampati classification of the oropharyngeal view; done with patient sitting, the head in the neutral position, the mouth wide open, and the tongue protruding to the maximum. Class I: visualization of the soft palate, fauces, uvula, anterior and posterior pillars.Class II: visualization of the soft palate, fauces and uvula.Class III: visualization of the soft palate and base of uvula.Class IV: soft palate is not visible.

  6. Some factors in airway evaluation

  7. Some factors in airway evaluation

  8. What is the difficult airway? Difficult intubation: • Inability to intubate within a certain time (10 min). • Inability to intubate within a number of attempts at direct laryngoscopy (3). • Cormack and Lehane Grade 3 or 4 view of larynx (epiglottis only or no laryngeal structures). • Requirement for additional equipment other than traditional laryngoscope. Difficult ventilation: • Inability to keep oxygen saturation > 90% with 100% oxygen by facemask. • Catastrophic failure of mask ventilation leads to morbidity or mortality.

  9. Causes of Difficult Airway: I. Non-patient factors: • Who is intubating and who helps him. • Where is the intubation technique performed. • What are the equipment and drugs used. • What is the position of the patient during intubation.

  10. Causes of Difficult Airway: II. Patient factors: • Stiffness/deformities: (Immobility of the neck or inability to open the mouth) Arthritis, ankylosingspondylitis, scleroderma, burn or radiotherapy contractures and cranio-cervical fixation devices. Also, oral submucous fibrosis and joint stiffness in DM. • Swelling: morbid obesity, infections e.g. epiglottitis or Ludwig’s angina, tumors, trauma e.g. post-surgical oedema or hematoma, neck swellings e.g. thyroid & mediastinal tumors, lingual tonsils.

  11. Limited mouth opening as a result of TMJ disease

  12. Stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis affecting cervical spine and temporomandibular joint

  13. Obese individuals may be both difficult to ventilate and also difficult to intubate as a result of redundant folds of oropharyngeal tissue and decreased chest wall compliance

  14. Glottic rheumatoid arthritis. The arytenoids and ary-epiglottic folds are swollen and the airway is narrow

  15. Epiglottitis in a child

  16. Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis

  17. Cavernoma causing airway obstruction

  18. Causes of Difficult Airway: II. Patient factors: • Foreign bodies: Accidental inhalation in children or alcoholic adults, dentures, vomiting & aspiration of solids and liquids during induction of anesthesia. • High tariff: uncooperative patients, full stomach, difficult venous access, and VIPs. These stressful factors can degrade performance.

  19. Two classic difficult airways: • Rheumatoid arthritis: • Cranio-cervical junction involved. • Temporo-mandibular joint involved. • Glotticstenosis. • Direct laryngoscopy often difficult. • Stridor common on extubation. • Acromegally: • Tissue hypertrophy. • Glotticstenosis. • Mask ventilation can be difficult. • Direct laryngoscopy can be difficult. • Complete obstruction on extubation.

  20. Procedural classification: • Mask anesthesia: Having to use 2 hands to control the airway, with an assistant squeezing the bag, and oral and nasal airways in situ is defined as difficult airway. • Predictors of Difficult Mask Ventilation • Age over 55 years • Body mass index exceeding 26 kg/m2 • Presence of a beard • Lack of teeth (edentulous) • History of snoring

  21. Procedural classification: • Difficult LMA insertion: Insertion of LMA becomes more difficult when mouth opening is restricted. The lower limit of normal mouth opening in young adults is 3.7 cm, but LMA can be inserted with about 2.5 cm of inter-incisor distance.

  22. Procedural classification: • Difficult direct laryngoscopy: This is used to be referred to as the difficult airway. A difficult direct laryngoscopy patient may be easily intubated with a fiberoptic endoscope. The Cormack and Lehan system: Grade 1: the whole glottis is seen till the anterior commissure. Grade 2a: part of the vocal cords is visible. Grade 2b: only the arytenoids are visible. Grade 3: only the epiglottis is visible. Grade 4: No glottic structure is visible. N.B: Grade 2b and many of grade 3 patients can be intubated with the aid of a gum-elastic bougie.

  23. Two Important Airway Classifications:ACormack and Lehane classification of the view at laryngoscopy. Grade I: most of the glottis is seenGrade II: only posterior portion of glottis can be seenGrade III: only epiglottis seen (none of glottis seen)Grade IV: neither epiglottis nor glottis can be seenBMallampati classification of the oropharyngeal view; done with patient sitting, the head in the neutral position, the mouth wide open, and the tongue protruding to the maximum. Class I: visualization of the soft palate, fauces, uvula, anterior and posterior pillars.Class II: visualization of the soft palate, fauces and uvula.Class III: visualization of the soft palate and base of uvula.Class IV: soft palate is not visible.

  24. DIFFICULT AIRWAY EMERGENCY KIT 1. Rigid laryngoscope blades of alternate design and size from those routinely used; this may include a rigid fiberoptic laryngoscope (e.g., Bullard laryngoscope). 2. Tracheal tubes of assorted sizes. 3. Tracheal tube guides. Examples include (but are not limited to) semirigidstylets, ventilating tube changer, and forceps (e.g., McGill forceps) designed to manipulate the distal portion of the tracheal tube. 4. Laryngeal mask airways of assorted sizes; this may include the intubating laryngeal mask airway.

  25. DIFFICULT AIRWAY EMERGENCY KIT 5. Flexible fiberoptic intubation equipment. 6. Retrograde intubation equipment. (e.g., kit from Cook) 7. At least one device suitable for emergency noninvasive airway ventilation. Examples include (but are not limited to) an esophageal tracheal combitube (Tyco Healthcare Nellcor Mallinckrodt, Pleasanton, CA, www.combitube.org), a hollow jet ventilation stylet and a transtracheal jet ventilator. 8. Equipment suitable for emergency invasive airway access (e.g., Melkercricothyrotomy kit from Cook). 9. An exhaled CO2 detector.

  26. Bullard Laryngoscope (rigid fiberoptic laryngoscope)

  27. McCoy Laryngoscope with an articulating tip that can be used to lift a big epiglottis out of the way.

  28. CAN VENTILATE, CAN’T INTUBATE • Ensure help is available and pulse oximeter and capnography are in place before starting. • Preoxygenate generously. • Make sure head position is optimized (“sniffing position”). • Note the “grade” of view at laryngoscopy. (This will be needed when you write a note in the patient’s chart about why the patient was difficult to intubate.) • Ensure normocapnia and adequate depth of anesthesia between intubating attempts.

  29. CAN VENTILATE, CAN’T INTUBATE • Decide how to approach your second attempt. Would a larger blade (e.g., MAC 4) help? Would a straight blade (e.g., Miller) help? Would a McCoy blade help lift the epiglottis out of the way? Would a Gum Elastic Bougie help? Would external laryngeal manipulation help to move the larynx into a less anterior position? • You are allowed one final third attempt. Wisdom may dictate that you give this chance to an experienced anesthesiologist.

  30. CAN VENTILATE, CAN’T INTUBATE • If the patient can’t be intubated after three tries, allow the patient to awaken and proceed with awake intubation using a FOB technique. • Alternatives to consider: Trachlight; Gum Elastic Bougie (Echmanstylet); Insert intubating LMA (Fastrach); Insert an LMA ProSeal or a Combitube to allow application of high ventilatory pressures and to help prevent aspiration; Use a Syracuse-Patil face mask to facilitate fiberoptic intubation (keeping patient asleep); Retrograde intubation technique

  31. Trachlight Intubation System

  32. Retrograde intubation technique

  33. Bail-Out" Algorithm CAN’T VENTILATE WELL CAN’T INTUBATE To awaken patient after failed intubation, where ventilation is difficult. This is a setting where you simply want the patient to wake up and breathe spontaneously. 1. Ensure that the patient is not in laryngospasm and that the patient’s head and jaw are positioned properly. Call for help. Insert an airway of some kind • oral airway • nasopharyngeal airway • LMA (Laryngeal Mask Airway) • ILMA (Intubating LMA) • Combitube (especially with LMA placement failures) • Laryngeal tube 2. In some cases it will be helpful to utilize a two-person technique whereby one person manages the mask and holds the jaw in position using both hands (“jaw thrust maneuver”), while the other ventilates the patient by hand using the rebreathing bag and the emergency oxygen flush as needed. 3. As a last resort, a surgical airway (e.g., cricothyrotomy) or TTJV is sometimes needed.

  34. Induction of Anesthesia in patients with compromised airway

  35. Inhalational induction: • Obstruction of the airway and loss of pulmonary ventilation causes cessation of administration of anesthetic agent and gradual re-awakening (automatic feedback). • Sevoflurane has almost universally replaced halothane. Awake fiberoptic intubation: • In elective surgeries of patients with known difficult airway. • The awake patient maintains his or her own airway until it is secured. Awake tracheostomy: • Very safe for patients with perilaryngeal tumors and stridor.

  36. Propofol with or without remifentanil in controlled infusion induction: • Can be used for patients with difficult airways, by gradually increasing the rate of infusion to allow deepening of anesthesia, whilst maintaining spontaneous ventilation. • If patient suffers central or obstructive apnea, the infusion can be stopped and rapid redistribution will allow lightening of anesthesia or full awakening. • These properties – maintenance of spontaneous ventilation and redistribution during apnea – have previously been the reasons for employing inhalational induction in difficult airways.

  37. The advantage of inhaled agents over propofol is that, on apnea, delivery ceases immediately and automatically. Balanced against this are the advantages of propofol: • suppression of airway reflexes. • achievement of adequate anesthesia not affected by poor ventilation. • lack of lightening of anesthesia during airway intervention. • For awake fiberoptic intubation, the patient experience and ease of the technique can be improved by careful sedation with propofol or remifentanil; these may be used singly or in combination. The ultra-short acting opioidremifentanil allows easy titration and rapid reversibility of deep levels of analgesia sedation.

  38. Thank You

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