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Electromagnetism INEL 4152

Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM. Electricity => Magnetism. In 1820 Oersted discovered that a steady current produces a magnetic field while teaching a physics class. . Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM. Would magnetism would produce electricity?. Eleven years later, and at the same time, Mike Faraday in London and Joe Henry in New York discovered that a time-varying magnetic field would produce an electric current! .

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Electromagnetism INEL 4152

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    1. Electromagnetism INEL 4152 Sandra Cruz-Pol, Ph. D. ECE UPRM Mayagüez, PR 2005

    2. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Electricity => Magnetism In 1820 Oersted discovered that a steady current produces a magnetic field while teaching a physics class.

    3. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Would magnetism would produce electricity? Eleven years later, and at the same time, Mike Faraday in London and Joe Henry in New York discovered that a time-varying magnetic field would produce an electric current!

    4. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Electromagnetics was born! This is the principle of motors, hydro-electric generators and transformers operation.

    5. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM

    6. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Electromagnetic Spectrum

    7. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Some terms E = electric field intensity [V/m] D = electric field density H = magnetic field intensity, [A/m] B = magnetic field density, [Teslas]

    8. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Maxwell Equations in General Form

    9. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Maxwell’s Eqs. Also the equation of continuity Maxwell added the term to Ampere’s Law so that it not only works for static conditions but also for time-varying situations. This added term is called the displacement current density, while J is the conduction current.

    10. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Maxwell put them together And added Jd, the displacement current

    11. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Moving loop in static field When a conducting loop is moving inside a magnet (static B field, in Teslas), the force on a charge is

    12. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Who was NikolaTesla? Find out what inventions he made His relation to Thomas Edison Why is he not well know?

    13. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Special case Consider the case of a lossless medium with no charges, i.e. . The wave equation can be derived from Maxwell equations as What is the solution for this differential equation? The equation of a wave!

    14. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Phasors & complex #’s Working with harmonic fields is easier, but requires knowledge of phasor, let’s review complex numbers and phasors

    15. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM COMPLEX NUMBERS: Given a complex number z where

    16. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Review: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Square Root, Complex Conjugate

    17. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM For a time varying phase Real and imaginary parts are:

    18. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM PHASORS For a sinusoidal current equals the real part of The complex term which results from dropping the time factor is called the phasor current, denoted by (s comes from sinusoidal)

    19. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM To change back to time domain The phasor is multiplied by the time factor, ejwt, and taken the real part.

    20. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Advantages of phasors Time derivative is equivalent to multiplying its phasor by jw Time integral is equivalent to dividing by the same term.

    21. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Time-Harmonic fields (sines and cosines) The wave equation can be derived from Maxwell equations, indicating that the changes in the fields behave as a wave, called an electromagnetic field. Since any periodic wave can be represented as a sum of sines and cosines (using Fourier), then we can deal only with harmonic fields to simplify the equations.

    22. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Maxwell Equations for Harmonic fields

    23. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM A wave Start taking the curl of Faraday’s law Then apply the vectorial identity And you’re left with

    24. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM A Wave

    25. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM To change back to time domain From phasor …to time domain

    26. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Several Cases of Media Free space Lossless dielectric Lossy dielectric Good Conductor

    27. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM 1. Free space There are no losses, e.g. Let’s define The phase of the wave The angular frequency Phase constant The phase velocity of the wave The period and wavelength How does it moves?

    28. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM 3. Lossy Dielectrics (General Case) In general, we had From this we obtain So , for a known material and frequency, we can find g=a+jb

    29. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Intrinsic Impedance, h If we divide E by H, we get units of ohms and the definition of the intrinsic impedance of a medium at a given frequency.

    30. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Note… E and H are perpendicular to one another Travel is perpendicular to the direction of propagation The amplitude is related to the impedance And so is the phase

    31. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Loss Tangent If we divide the conduction current by the displacement current

    32. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Relation between tanq and ec

    33. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM 2. Lossless dielectric Substituting in the general equations:

    34. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Review: 1. Free Space Substituting in the general equations:

    35. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM 4. Good Conductors Substituting in the general equations:

    36. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Skin depth, d Is defined as the depth at which the electric amplitude is decreased to 37%

    37. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Short Cut … You can use Maxwell’s or use where k is the direction of propagation of the wave, i.e., the direction in which the EM wave is traveling (a unitary vector).

    38. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Waves Static charges > static electric field, E Steady current > static magnetic field, H Static magnet > static magnetic field, H Time-varying current > time varying E(t) & H(t) that are interdependent > electromagnetic wave Time-varying magnet > time varying E(t) & H(t) that are interdependent > electromagnetic wave

    39. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM EM waves don’t need a medium to propagate Sound waves need a medium like air or water to propagate EM wave don’t. They can travel in free space in the complete absence of matter. Look at a “wind wave”; the energy moves, the plants stay at the same place.

    40. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Exercises: Wave Propagation in Lossless materials A wave in a nonmagnetic material is given by Find: direction of wave propagation, wavelength in the material phase velocity Relative permittivity of material Electric field phasor Answer: +y, up= 2x108 m/s, 1.26m, 2.25,

    41. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Power in a wave A wave carries power and transmits it wherever it goes

    42. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Poynting Vector Derivation Start with E dot Ampere Apply vectorial identity And end up with

    43. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Poynting Vector Derivation… Substitute Faraday in 1rst term

    44. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Poynting Vector Derivation… Taking the integral wrt volume Applying theory of divergence Which simply means that the total power coming out of a volume is either due to the electric or magnetic field energy variations or is lost in ohmic losses.

    45. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Power: Poynting Vector Waves carry energy and information Poynting says that the net power flowing out of a given volume is = to the decrease in time in energy stored minus the conduction losses.

    46. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Time Average Power The Poynting vector averaged in time is For the general case wave:

    47. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Total Power in W The total power through a surface S is Note that the units now are in Watts Note that power nomenclature, P is not cursive. Note that the dot product indicates that the surface area needs to be perpendicular to the Poynting vector so that all the power will go thru. (give example of receiver antenna)

    48. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Exercises: Power 1. At microwave frequencies, the power density considered safe for human exposure is 1 mW/cm2. A radar radiates a wave with an electric field amplitude E that decays with distance as E(R)=3000/R [V/m], where R is the distance in meters. What is the radius of the unsafe region? Answer: 34.64 m 2. A 5GHz wave traveling In a nonmagnetic medium with er=9 is characterized by Determine the direction of wave travel and the average power density carried by the wave Answer:

    49. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM TEM wave Transverse ElectroMagnetic = plane wave There are no fields parallel to the direction of propagation, only perpendicular (transverse). If have an electric field Ex(z) …then must have a corresponding magnetic field Hx(z) The direction of propagation is aE x aH = ak

    50. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM PE 10.7 In free space, H=0.2 cos (wt-bx) z A/m. Find the total power passing through a square plate of side 10cm on plane x+z=1 square plate at z=1, 0

    51. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Polarization of a wave IEEE Definition: The trace of the tip of the E-field vector as a function of time seen from behind. Simple cases Vertical, Ex Horizontal, Ey

    52. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Polarization: Why do we care?? Antenna applications – Antenna can only TX or RX a polarization it is designed to support. Straight wires, square waveguides, and similar rectangular systems support linear waves (polarized in one direction, often) Round waveguides, helical or flat spiral antennas produce circular or elliptical waves. Remote Sensing and Radar Applications – Many targets will reflect or absorb EM waves differently for different polarizations. Using multiple polarizations can give different information and improve results. Absorption applications – Human body, for instance, will absorb waves with E oriented from head to toe better than side-to-side, esp. in grounded cases. Also, the frequency at which maximum absorption occurs is different for these two polarizations. This has ramifications in safety guidelines and studies.

    53. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Polarization In general, plane wave has 2 components; in x & y And y-component might be out of phase wrt to x-component, d is the phase difference between x and y.

    54. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Several Cases Linear polarization: d=dy-dx =0o or ±180on Circular polarization: dy-dx =±90o & Eox=Eoy Elliptical polarization: dy-dx=±90o & Eox?Eoy, or d=?0o or ?180on even if Eox=Eoy Unpolarized- natural radiation

    55. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Linear polarization d =0 @z=0 in time domain

    56. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Circular polarization Both components have same amplitude Eox=Eoy, d =d y-d x= -90o = Right circular polarized (RCP) d =+90o = LCP

    57. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Elliptical polarization X and Y components have different amplitudes Eox?Eoy, and d =±90o Or d ?±90o and Eox=Eoy,

    58. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Polarization example

    59. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Example Determine the polarization state of a plane wave with electric field: a. b. c. d.

    60. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Cell phone & brain Computer model for Cell phone Radiation inside the Human Brain

    61. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Radar bands

    62. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Microwave Oven Most food is lossy media at microwave frequencies, therefore EM power is lost in the food as heat. Find depth of penetration if meat which at 2.45 GHz has the complex permittivity given. The power reaches the inside as soon as the oven in turned on!

    63. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Decibel Scale In many applications need comparison of two powers, a power ratio, e.g. reflected power, attenuated power, gain,… The decibel (dB) scale is logarithmic Note that for voltages, the log is multiplied by 20 instead of 10.

    64. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Attenuation rate, A Represents the rate of decrease of the magnitude of Pave(z) as a function of propagation distance

    65. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Submarine antenna A submarine at a depth of 200m uses a wire antenna to receive signal transmissions at 1kHz. Determine the power density incident upon the submarine antenna due to the EM wave with |Eo|= 10V/m. [At 1kHz, sea water has er=81, s=4]. At what depth the amplitude of E has decreased to 1% its initial value at z=0 (sea surface)?

    66. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Summary

    67. Cruz-Pol, Electromagnetics UPRM Exercise: Lossy media propagation For each of the following determine if the material is low-loss dielectric, good conductor, etc. Glass with mr=1, er=5 and s=10-12 S/m at 10 GHZ Animal tissue with mr=1, er=12 and s=0.3 S/m at 100 MHZ Wood with mr=1, er=3 and s=10-4 S/m at 1 kHZ Answer: low-loss, a= 8.4x10-11 Np/m, b= 468 r/m, l= 1.34 cm, up=1.34x108, hc=168 W general, a= 9.75, b=12, l=52 cm, up=0.5x108 m/s, hc=39.5+j31.7 W Good conductor, a= 6.3x10-4, b= 6.3x10-4, l= 10km, up=0.1x108, hc=6.28(1+j) W

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