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Flammability Reduction Methods: Compliance Options

This document outlines various strategies for flammability reduction in aircraft as part of the Federal Aviation Administration's safety regulations. The analysis includes advantages and disadvantages of methods such as reticulated foam, inerting with stored CO2 and exhaust gas, catalytic inerting, rapid ventilation, misting fuel vapor, and nitrogen inerting. Each method is assessed for its weight, cost implications, environmental impact, and certification challenges. Understanding these methods is critical for enhancing fire safety in aviation while balancing operational requirements.

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Flammability Reduction Methods: Compliance Options

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  1. Federal Aviation Administration Flammability Reduction Methods: Compliance Options AAR-440 Fire Safety BranchWm. J. Hughes Technical CenterFederal Aviation Administration

  2. Reticulated Foam Advantages: • 100% protection • Passive System • No model – no need for flight testing Disadvantages: • Weight • Fuel displacement • Interference with maintenance • Haz. Mat. When out of tank Certification issues: • Foam pedigree • Voiding • Durability • Interference in tank

  3. Inerting with Stored CO2 Advantages: • ? Disadvantages: • Must be stored on aircraft Certification issues: • Needed O2 concentration not known • Fuel solubility • Effect on pumps

  4. Inerting with Exhaust Gas Advantages: • Already produced on aircraft Disadvantages: • How to obtain Certification issues: • Needed O2 concentration unknown • Contaminants unknown

  5. Catalytic Inerting Advantages: • Possible weight • Less power from aircraft • environmental Disadvantages: • ? Certification issues: • Needed O2 concentration not known • Fuel solubility • Effect on pumps

  6. Rapid Ventilation Advantages: • Cost • Weight Disadvantages: • Loss of fuel • Environmental • Need for in-tank monitoring Certification issues: • Tank flammability verification

  7. Misting Fuel Vapor Advantages: • Possible weight savings • Possible lower cost Disadvantages: • Loss of fuel • Environmental • Safety issues Certification issues: • Post crash implications • Failure modes • In-tank hydrocarbon measurements

  8. Nitrogen Inerting • Cryogenic Nitrogen • High Pressure Stored Nitrogen • Ground Based Nitrogen • Two Flow Nitrogen • Full Time On Demand Nitrogen

  9. Cryogenic Nitrogen Stored: Too heavy Manufactured: Developing technology

  10. High Pressure Stored Nitrogen Too Heavy

  11. Ground Based Nitrogen • Logistics • Manpower

  12. Present system of Choice Two Flow Nitrogen

  13. Full Time On Demand Nitrogen • Advantages: • Less power from aircraft • Environmental Disadvantages: • Weight • Vent valve

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