The Opposing Sides

1. The Opposing Sides • Main Topics: • Opposing sides of the war • Financing and supplying the war • Military technology • Military strategies • Do Now: • Economics in History Activity (in packet) • “The Pending Conflict” political cartoon pg. 226 • Homework: • Finish Lesson 1 questions in your homework packet.

2. Lincoln Calls out Militia • Called for 75,000 militia for 90 day service • Most believed the war would be short • Southern states refused • Southern states secede rather than fight against Southerners • Robert E Lee chose to lead the CSA army instead of the US Army VirginiaApril 17 1861 ArkansasMay 6 1861 TennesseeMay 7 1861 North CarolinaMay 20 1861

3. Maryland was very important to the United States Mason Dixon Line M a r y l a n d Arrested all pro-southern lawmakers Maryland Legislature then voted on whether to secede Maryland voted to stay in Union V i r g i n i a

4. Choosing Sides The Confederacy The Union The North had the majority of the nation’s shipyards and all the nation’s warships. The North controlled the national treasury and issued paper currency to pay suppliers and troops. The United States urged Europe to not interfere. • The Confederacy had a large number of trained officers to lead its armies. • The Confederacy suffered from a lack of funds due to low trade and revenue. • European nations were in a difficult position with the Confederacy requesting recognition as a nation and financial assistance.

5. Rating the North & the South

6. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

7. Railroad Lines, 1860

8. Resources: North & the South

9. The Union & Confederacy in 1861

10. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

11. Ohio Military Service

12. Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

13. Immigrantsas a %of a State’sPopulationin1860

14. Union 22 million people Most mineral, factory and naval resources Abraham Lincoln convinced north of need to fight to save democracy and union Confederacy 9 million people Had better and experienced generals Were on defensive shorter supply lines, more motivation (defending their homes) North vs SouthStrengths

15. The First Modern War The Civil War involved huge armies made up mostly of civilian volunteers who required vast quantities of supplies and equipment. • Attrition played a major part in the war with the North more easily able to replace soldiers and supplies. • The strategy of the South was a defensive war of attrition to wear down the North to the point of negotiation. • The Anaconda Plan of the North involved blockading Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi to divide the Confederacy.

16. Union Conquer south and return them to Union Conquer South by destroying economy capture Mississippi river and blockade coast Confederacy Only needed to outlast north Avoid large battles and hope north tire of fighting South withheld cotton from world Hoped to force Britain and France to ally with CSA There was too much cotton in 1861 Europe didn’t need CSA cotton CSA plan to get Europe to join war failed North vs SouthStrategy

18. Anaconda Plan • Winfield Scott’s plan to strangle South with blockade and land invasions • Designed to have a quick war

19. Union Decisive Victory needed to destroy Confederate army to win Confederacy Decisive Victory needed to ruin north’s fighting spirit and impress Europeans to join war Decisive Victory Strategy Resulted in large battles with high numbers of casualties

21. The Early Stages • Main Topics: • Mobilizing Troops • The Naval War • War in the West • War in the East • Emancipation Proclamation • Do Now: • Textbook pgs. 230 and 231 do “Geography Connection” questions in notebook. • Homework: • Finish “Emancipation Proclamation” Lesson questions from class

22. Beginning of War • North unprepared -- no experience with guns or horses • South had been preparing • No standard uniform – caused confusion as to who was fighting

23. Mobilizing the Troops • The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run made it clear that the North would need a large, well-trained army to defeat the South. • Initially, enlistment levels were high. • The South introduced conscription in April 1862 for all white men between the ages of 18 and 35, excluding teachers, government workers, and some planters. • The North tried to increase enlistment by offering a bonus to men who signed up for three years but by 1863 had introduced a national draft.

24. The Naval War • In the spring of 1862, the Union navy had sealed off every major Southern harbor along the Atlantic coast except for Charleston, South Carolina, and Wilmington, North Carolina. • Confederate ships, built in Britain, worked out of foreign ports to attack Northern merchant ships at sea. • The Union took control of New Orleans, the South’s largest city and a center of the cotton trade, in late spring 1862.

25. Naval War Union blockaded the South As war continued blockade became more effective USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack) Both were iron clad ships Battle was a draw

26. General McClellan General Burnside General Hooker Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee Fired after Fredericksburg for losing to Lee General Meade given control of Union Army Fired after Chancellorsville for losing to Lee Union Generals

27. The War in the West • Union General Ulysses S. Grant took Kentucky and most of western Tennessee which provided the Union with a river route deep into the Confederacy. • Although initially surprised by the Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh, Grant forced the Confederates to retreat but more than twenty thousand troops were killed or wounded. • Union troops led by General Don Carlos Buell stopped Confederate forces at the Battle of Perryville. • Confederate and Union troops met in an undecided battle at Murfreesboro.

28. War in the East • After 30 days, Union general George B. McClellan was able to capture Yorktown and move toward Virginia. • Robert E. Lee began a series of attacks on McClellan’s army that became known as the Seven Days’ Battles, which inflicted heavy casualties and encouraged Lee to invade the North. • The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one day battle in American history and the Union victory kept Britain from intervening for the Confederates. • After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863.

29. Emancipation Proclamation Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863 Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values

30. Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves in South seen as military action As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions Can’t free slaves in north because of Constitution Government can’t take property without due process

31. No Confederates created an independent nation Lincoln has no more authority to pass laws in the CSA than he does to pass laws in Canada Yes US is fighting an internal civil war Lincoln keeps authority over the south If it is a civil war European nations are not allowed to join the war North should not blockade the South Does Lincoln have authority to make Emancipation Proclamation?

32. 1 • Emancipation Proclamation does NOT abolish ALL slavery in US • Why Not? • Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri might secede • Lincoln hoped Confederate states would stop fighting and return to the Union

33. Black Americans Join Up • Used them for support work • 54th Massachusetts – Glory • Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army • Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties

34. Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • Watch Nat Geo video “The Emancipation Strategy” • Read “Background on Emancipation Proclamation” • So far, based on the movie and/or this background, do you think that Lincoln freed the slaves or that the slaves freed themselves?

35. Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or Did the Slaves Free Themselves? • In Pairs, Read and complete the guided questions and graphic organizer for Documents A and B. • Discussion Questions: • Did Lincoln free the slaves or did the slaves free themselves? • What are the arguments on either side? • Why have some historians worked really hard to prove that the slaves freed themselves? • Why does it matter whether or not Lincoln was truly bothered by slavery, as Douglass claims?

37. The Wartime Economies The South The North The North experienced an economic boom as its industries supplied necessities to the troops and farming became more mechanized, requiring fewer workers. • The collapse of the transportation system, the blockade of Southern ports, and Union troops in farming regions led to food shortages and inflation in the South. • The South experienced angry mobs over food shortages while the North experienced draft riots.

38. African Americans in the Military • The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African Americans to enlist in the Union army and navy. • About 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army and as many as 18,000 African Americans served in the Union navy. • One of the first African American regiments officially organized in the North was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.

40. Military Life • The Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many hardships during the long periods between battles. • Unsanitary conditions and disease killed large numbers of men due to the crowded living conditions while doctors struggled to care for the large amount of wounded soldiers. • Women took on many of the nursing tasks in army hospitals and the battlefield. • After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy announced that it would not exchange freed African Americans for Southern white prisoners but re-enslave or execute all African American troops captured in battle.

41. Women in the War Women joined to cook and take care of men Women passed as men to fight in the war Women served as nurses Worked farms and businesses at home Clara Barton Served as a nurse during war Created aid society to support soldiers Elizabeth Blackwell Created Soldiers Aid Society: Inspected health conditions of hospitals in war

42. The Turning Point • Key Topics: • Vicksburg Falls • The Battle of Gettysburg • Battle for Tennessee • Homework: • Read Lesson 5 pg. 242 and complete the questions in your homework packet.

43. Union losses decrease the North’s will to fight • North cannot get enough volunteers for it’s army • Congress implements a draft Draft Riots in NY • northerners opposed to being forced into fighting • Copperheads • Northern Democrats who want peace with South

44. Vicksburg Falls • Vicksburg was necessary for the Union to have control of the Mississippi River south of Memphis. • Grant ordered Colonel Benjamin Grierson to go on a raid across Mississippi to distract Confederate forces while he moved into position. • After multiple battles, Confederate forces were forced back into their defenses within Vicksburg. • Grant laid siege to the city and after six weeks, the Confederate forces surrendered.

45. Battle of Vicksburg • Union wanted to divide South at Mississippi River • Union had total control except Vicksburg MS and New Orleans • Grant wins and gets complete control of Mississippi for Union

46. Summer 1863 Lee goes north again --- Out of supplies --- Wanted to force peace Blue Ridge Mountains

47. The Road to Gettysburg • Bolstered by the recent Confederate victories, Lee decided to invade the North again and the Confederates succeeded in pushing the Union troops into the hills to the south of Gettysburg. • The Union forces controlled the high ground and as Confederate forces marched across open farmland, Union artillery ripped through the Confederate line causing a loss of over one-third of the Confederate forces. • The Union’s victory at Gettysburg strengthened the Republicans politically and ensured that Britain would not recognize the Confederacy.

48. Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near Gettysburg Heth Buford Pender

49. Pickett’s Charge 15,000 Confederate soldiers attack Union positionsConfederates make it to Ridge, but are driven back

50. Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War Confederates never go on the offensive again Meade does not pursue Lee