Table of Contents

1. Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis

2. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Objectives • Describethe structure of a chromosome. • Identifythe differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes. • Comparethe numbers of chromosomes in different species. • Explainthe differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes. • Distinguishbetween diploid and haploid cells.

3. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure • Chromosomes are • In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called_________________to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes.

4. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure

5. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure, continued • Chromosomes in _____________________ are simpler in structure than chromosomes in ________________.

6. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers • Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell.

7. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms

8. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued • Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes • Sex chromosomes are • All of the other chromosomes in an organism are _______________________.

9. Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued • Diploid and Haploid Cells • Cells having two sets of chromosomes are _______________________. • _____________________ cells (1n) have only one set of chromosomes.

10. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Objectives • Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes. • Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes. • Summarize the events of interphase. • Describe the stages of mitosis. • Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells. • Explain how cell division is controlled.

11. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes • Cell divisionis the

12. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued • Binary fissionis the process of cell division in prokaryotes.

13. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes • Cell Cycle • The cell cycle is the • The cell cycle consists of ___________________ • and _______________________. • Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear • division, called __________________, and the division of cytoplasm, called _________________.

14. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued • Interphase • Interphase consists of

15. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis • Mitosis is divided into stages: • Mitosis results in

16. Stages of Mitosis • Prophase – • The nucleus and nuclear membrane • Centrisomes – • In animal cells these contain ________________. • These move toward opposite poles of the cell.

17. Stages of Mitosis • Spindle Fibers made of microtubles radiate from the centrosomes (mitotic spindle). • Two types of spindle fibers: • 1. Kinetochore Fibers – • 2. Polar Fibers –

18. Stages of Mitosis • Metaphase – • Chromosomes are easier to identify during metaphase. • Karyotypes are typically made from chromosomes in metaphase.

19. Stages of Mitosis • Anaphase – • After the chromatids are separated, they are considered individual chromosomes.

20. Stages of Mitosis • Telophase – • Spindle fibers disassemble. • Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin state. • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform in the newly forming cells.

21. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis

22. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cytokinesis • During cytokinesis in animal cells, a • ___________________________ pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells. • In plant cells, a ________________________ separates the dividing cell into two cells.

23. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division • Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by • Control occurs at

24. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division, continued • When Control is Lost: Cancer • Cancer may result if

25. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Objectives • Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis. • Summarizethe events of meiosis I. • Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals. • Summarizethe events of meiosis II. • Comparespermatogenesis and oogenesis. • Define sexual reproduction.

26. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells • Meiosisis a process of nuclear division that • Meiosis produces ____________________ gametes.

27. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells, continued • Meiosisis a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. • Meiosis leads to

28. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis I • Meiosis I includes • ______________________________, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase I and results in _________________________________.

29. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis II • Meiosis II includes • Four new haploid cells result.

30. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis

31. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis, continued

32. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Development of Gametes • _____________________________is the process by which sperm cells are produced. • _____________________________is the process that produces mature egg cells.

33. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis in Male and Female Animals

34. Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproductionis the formation of offspring through • Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are

35. Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes