4) Classical Civilizations

1. 4) Classical Civilizations II) Ancient Rome

2. A. Geography 1) MOUNTAIN RANGES -NORTHERN ITALY IS PROTECTED BY THE ALPS. -THIS MOUNTAIN RANGE BLOCKED THE COLD NORTHERN WINDS AND GIVES THE REGION A MILD CLIMATE. -HOWEVER, THE ALPS GAVE ONLY LIMITED PROTECTION FROM INVADERS. - ANOTHER MOUNTAIN RANGE, THE APENNINES RUNS DOWN THE MIDDLE OF ITALY. -THE APENNINES ALSO REPRESENTED A LESS SERIOUS BARRIER TO UNIFY ITALY. -MOST PEOPLE LIVE ON THE WEST WHERE THE LAND WAS MORE FERTILE THAN IN THE EAST.

3. A. Geography ( Pg. 2) 2) RIVERS -THE PO RIVER, WHICH IS FED BY THE MELTING SNOWS OF THE ALPS, PROVIDES WATER FOR THE RICH FARMING REGION OF THE NORTHERN PLAIN. -IN THE WEST, LONG RIVERS ENHANCE TRADE. 3) PENINSULA -THE ITALIAN PENINSULA JUTS OUT INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA THAT PROVIDED PROTECTION FOR THE EARLY PEOPLE. -LATER THE ROMANS USED THE SEA AS A HIGHWAY FOR CONQUEST AND TRADE

4. B. THE FIRST INHABITANTS FROM ABOUT 1000 BCE TO 500 BCE, THREE GROUPS, INHABITED ITALY AND BATTLED FOR CONTROL. 1) LATINS 2) GREEKS 3) ETRUSCANS

5. 1. LATINS - THE LATINS ESTABLISHED THE CITY OF ROME AND ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE FIRST ROMANS - HERDERS AND FARMERS - THEIR STRUGGLES TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THEIR LANDS HELPED SHAPE THEIR BELIEFS OF DUTY, DISCIPLINE AND PATRIOTISM

6. A. Rome THE CITY OF ROME ENJOYED MANY NATURAL ADVANTAGES 1) LOCATED ON THE FERTILE COASTAL PLAIN ON ITALY’S WEST COAST 2) LOCATED ON A SERIES OF HILLS OVERLOOKING THE TIBER RIVER FROM THE ELEVATED POSITION COULD SEE APPROACHING ENEMIES 3) LOCATED INLAND TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM RAIDS FROM THE SEA. THEY BUILT THE PORT CITY OF OSTIA ON THE COAST FOR SHIPS TOO LARGE TO TRAVEL UP THE TIBER RIVER.

8. 2. GREEKS • SET UP COLONIES IN ITALY AND SICILY • MUCH OF THE ROMAN CULTURE IS BASED UPON THE GREEK CULTURE (GREEK ALPHABET, GREEK GODS, ART AND ARCHITECTURE)

9. 3. ETRUSCANS • MIGRATED TO ITALY FROM ASIA MINOR • TOOK CONTROL OF ROME ABOUT 600 BCE - THE ROMANS ADOPTED MANY ETRUSCAN CONCEPTS

10. C. ROMAN REPUBLIC • IN 509 BC, THE LATINS ( NOW KNOWN AS THE ROMANS) OVERTHREW THE ETRUSCANS AND ESTABLISHED A REPUBLIC. REPUBLIC- DEFINITION: ALL CITIZENS WITH THE RIGHT TO VOTE CHOOSE THEIR LEADERS. THE ELECTED LEADERS REPRESENT THE PEOPLE

11. C. ROMAN REPUBLIC ( PG 2) IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC, ROMAN SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS (1) PATRICIANS (2) PLEBEIANS (3) SLAVES

12. C. ROMAN REPUBLIC PG. 3) 1)PATRICIANS - CLASS OF WEALTHY LANDOWNERS - COULD HOLD PUBLIC OFFICE 2)PLEBEIANS - COMMON PEOPLE (FARMERS, SMALL MERCHANTS, ARTISANS) - CITIZENS BUT COULD OWN LAND - COULD NOT HOLD PUBLIC OFFICE 3)SLAVES - LOWEST CLASS IN ROMAN SOCIETY - PRISONERS OF WAR/PLEBEIANS ENSLAVED FOR DEBT - HAD NO LEGAL RIGHTS

13. D. EARLY GOVERNMENT SENATE - MADE UP OF 300 PATRICIANS THAT SERVED FOR LIFE - GUIDED FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICIES - ELECTED TWO CONSULS THAT ADMINISTERED THE LAWS OF ROME - THE CONSULS HAD EQUAL POWER - EACH HAD TO VETO, OR BLOCK AN ACTION OF THE OTHER - IN TIMES OF CRISIS, THE SENATE WOULD APPOINT A DICTATOR - DICTATOR- RULER THAT HAS ABSOLUTE POWER - THE DICTATOR WOULD ONLY HAVE CONTROL FORSIX MONTHS

14. D. EARLY GOVERNMENT ( Pg 2.) POPULAR ASSEMBLY - ELECTED BY THE PLEBEIANS - APPROVED LEGISLATION PASSED BY THE SENATE - HAD LITTLE TO NO POWER

15. E. ROMAN ARMY - AT FIRST, ONLY PATRICIANS COULD SERVE IN THE ARMY - HOWEVER, FACED WITH MANY ENEMIES, THE SENATE REQUIRED ALL PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS TO SERVE IN THE ARMY - ROMAN SOLDIERS WERE TRAINED IN THE USE OF ALL WEAPONS -WEALTHY ROMANS PROVIDED THEIR OWN WEAPONS AND SERVED WITHOUT PAY -POOR CITIZENS RECEIVED SMALL SALARIES -ROMAN COMMANDERS ENFORCED STRICT DISCIPLINE -THE ROMAN ARMY WAS DIVIDED INTO LEGIONS OF ABOUT 6000 SOLDIERS -LEGIONS WERE BROKEN UP INTO SMALLER GROUPS FOR FASTER MOVEMENT

17. F. CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT AS THE ROMAN EMPIRE GREW, PLEBEIANS WHO FOUGHT IN THE ARMY DEMANDED MORE RIGHTS. • THE ASSEMBLY OF CENTURIES AND THE ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES REPLACED THE POPULAR ASSEMBLY. - ASSEMBLY OF CENTURIES - MADE UP OF THE ENTIRE ROMAN ARMY - PASSED LAWS AND ELECTED THE CONSULS - CHOSE ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICES WHO WERE STILL PATRICIANS

18. F. CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT (Pg. 2) • THE ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES - MADE UP OF PLEBEIANS - ELECTED TEN OFFICIALS THAT SPOKE FOR THE PLEBEIAN INTEREST - FOUGHT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST LAW CODE TWELVE TABLES OF LAW - ROME’S 1ST WRITTEN LAW CODE - LISTED ALL LAWS AND PUNISHMENTS - PROTECTED ALL CITIZENS FROM UNFAIR TREATMENT - STILL PROHIBITED PLEBEIANS FROM ENTERING THESENATE OR MARRYING PATRICIANS

19. G. ROMAN WARS THE ROMAN ARMY BECAME ONE OF HISTORY’S MOST EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT ARMIES. BETWEEN 509 BCE AND TO 44 BCE, ROMAN LEGIONS FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD. 1. CONQUEST OF ITALY - FROM 500 BCE TO 264 BCE, THE ROMANS FOUGHT GREEKS AND OTHER LATIN GROUPS FOR CONTROL OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA - THE ROMANS BUILT A SERIES OF ROADS TO CONNECT THE CITIES OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA WITH ROME

21. G. ROMAN WARS (Pg. 2) 2. RIVALRY BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE - CARTHAGE- TRADE RIVAL OF ROME LOCATED IN NORTHERN AFRICA - BETWEEN 264 BCE AND 136 BCE, ROME AND CARTHAGE FOUGHT THREE WARS THAT WERE COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS THE PUNIC WARS A) THE FIRST PUNIC WAR - 264 BCE-241BCE - CENTERED ON CONTROL OF SICILY - CARTHAGE SURRENDERED GIVING UP CONTROL OF SICILY, SARDINIA AND CORSICA - ROME BECAME AN IMPORTANT NAVAL POWER - GAVE THE ROMANS THEIR FIRST OVERSEAS PROVINCES

22. G. ROMAN WARS (Pg. 3) B) SECOND PUNIC WAR - PROUD CARTHAGE LOOKED FOR REVENGE AGAINST ROME - CARTHAGINIAN GENERAL HANNIBAL LED AN OFFENSIVE AGAINST ROME THAT STARTED THE SECOND PUNIC WAR - IN 218 BCE, HANNIBAL LED HIS ARMIES FROM SPAIN, ACROSS THE ALPS AND INTO NORTHERN ITALY - USED AFRICAN ELEPHANTS TO CARRY HEAVY EQUIPMENT - DUE TO ICY WINTER THROUGH THE ALPS, ALL THE ELEPHANTS DIED - HANNIBAL DEFEATED THE ROMANS IN NORTHERN ITALY AND PUSHED SOUTH - HANNIBAL’S TROOPS ROAMED THROUGH ITALY DESTROYING ITALIAN CITIES - WITH HANNIBAL IN ITALY, ROME LED AN OFFENSIVE IN NORTH AFRICA TO ATTACK CARTHAGE IN 201 BCE - HANNIBAL LEFT ITALY TO DEFEND CARTHAGE - IN NORTHERN AFRICA, HANNIBAL’S TROOPS WERE DEFEATED AND CARTHAGE WAS FORCED TO GIVE UP SPAIN

24. G. ROMAN WARS (Pg. 4) C) THIRD PUNIC WAR - LASTED FROM 149 BCE TO 146 BCE - THE ROMANS TOTALLY DESTROYED THE CITY OF CARTHAGE - CARTHAGINIAN PEOPLE WERE MASSACRED OR SOLD INTO SLAVERY - NORTH AFRICAN KINGDOMS BECAME PART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

25. G. ROMAN WARS (Pg. 5) D) OTHER WARS • AFTER ROME GAINED CONTROL OF THE OTHER WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN LANDS (GAUL AND MACEDONIA), THEY FOCUSED THEIR ATTENTION ON THE LANDS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. - BY 44 BCE, ROME GAINED CONTROL OF ASIA MINOR, SYRIA AND EGYPT

26. Daily Question 12/18 • What two civilizations fought during the Punic Wars? Rome versus Carthage • Who won: 1) the 1st Punic War Rome 2) the 2nd Punic War Rome 3) the 3rd Punic War Rome

27. H. ORGANIZING THE LANDS 1. RULING FOREIGN LANDS - ROME ORGANIZED ITS FOREIGN LANDS INTO PROVINCES - EACH PROVINCE WAS HEADED BY A GOVERNOR THAT WAS APPOINTED BY THE SENATE - EACH ROMAN GOVERNOR SUPERVISED TAX COLLECTION AND PROVINCE DEFENSE - ROME DID NOT TRY TO CHANGE THE LOCAL CUSTOMS OF THE FOREIGN PROVINCES - THIS TOLERANT POLICY MADE ROMAN DOMINATION MORE ACCEPTABLE TO THE CONQUERED PEOPLE - ROME BUILT ROADS THROUGHOUT ITS EMPIRE TO ENCOURAGE TRADE, COMMUNICATION AND MILITARY MOVEMENT

28. H. ORGANIZING THE LANDS ( PG.2) 2. CHANGES AT HOME - GAINING MORE TERRITORIES BROUGHT ROME GAINS BUT LED TO MORE PROBLEMS - INTRODUCED TO THE ADVANCEMENTS OF THE GREEKS - INCREASED TRADE MADE THE ROMANS MORE WEALTHY - TONS OF GRAIN POURED INTO ROME AS A RESULT OF FORCED PAYMENTS (TRIBUTE) FROM CONQUERED LANDS - THIS SURPLUS BROUGHT DOWN THE PRICES OF GRAIN AND HURT THE ROMAN FARMERS - A NEW CLASS OF ROMANS THAT BECAME WEALTHY FROM TRADE BOUGHT UP THE LANDS FROM THE SMALL FARMERS AND CREATED VAST FARMING ESTATE KNOWN AS LATIFUNDIAS. THEY USED THOUSANDS OF SLAVES AS CHEAP LABOR. THIS PRACTICE PUT MORE SMALL FARMERS OUT OF WORK BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT KEEP UP WITH THE LATIFUNDIAS.

29. I. THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES ROME’S PROBLEMS LED TO A SHAKEUP OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW POLITICAL SYSTEM. THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR - IN 60BCE, A MILITARY LEADER NAMED JULIUS CAESAR JOINED FORCES WITH CRASSUS, A WEALTHY ROMAN, AND POMPEY, A POPULAR GENERAL. - WITH THEIR HELP, JULIUS CAESAR WAS ELECTED CONSUL -IN 59 BCE. FOR THE NEXT TEN YEARS, THESE MEN DOMINATED ROME AS A TRIUMVIRATE, OR A GROUP OF THREE RULERS -AFTER NUMEROUS MILITARY VICTORIES AND WITH SUPPORT OF THE ARMY AND THE MASSES, CAESAR WAS APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE IN 44BCE. -CAESAR GOVERNED AS AN ABSOLUTE RULER.

31. I. THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES (PG. 2) -AS A DICTATOR, CAESAR MADE MANY REFORMS FOR THE LOWER CLASSES BY CREATING JOBS AND INCREASING PAY FOR THE SOLDIERS. -MANY NOBLES AND SENATORS EXPRESSED CONCERN OVER CAESAR’S GROWING POWER, SUCCESS AND POPULARITY. - A NUMBER OF SENATORS FEARING LOSING THEIR INFLUENCE PLOTTED CAESAR’S ASSASSINATION. ON MARCH 15, 44 BCE ( KNOWN AS THE IDES OF MARCH), JULIUS CAESAR WAS STABBED TO DEATH IN THE SENATE CHAMBER BY THE GROUP OF SENATORS.

33. Daily Question 1/4 -How was your Christmas vacation?

34. J. LIFE AFTER CAESAR AFTER CAESAR’S DEATH, CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT. THREE OF CAESAR’S SUPPORTERS BANDED TOGETHER TO CRUSH CAESAR’S ASSASSINS. (1) MARC ANTONY (2) LEPIDUS (3) OCTAVIAN ( CAESAR’S GRANDNEPHEW AND ADOPTED SON) - THEY CONTROLLED ROME AS THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE IN 43 BCE.

35. MARC ANTONY OCTAVIAN LEPIDUS SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

36. J. LIFE AFTER CAESAR (PG. 2) - HOWEVER, THE ALLIANCE DID NOT LAST LONG. OCTAVIAN FORCED LEPIDUS OUT OF THE POLITICAL ARENA. HE AND MARC ANTONY BECAME BITTER RIVALS. - WHILE ANTONY WAS IN EGYPT WITH QUEEN CLEOPATRA, OCTAVIAN PLOTTED AGAINST HIM AND FINALLY ANOTHER CIVIL WAR ERUPTED. - OCTAVIAN DEFEATED THE COMBINED FORCES OF ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA IN 31 BCE. - LATER, CLEOPATRA AND ANTONY COMMITTED SUICIDE. OCTAVIAN, UNCHALLENGED AS RULER OF ROME, ACCEPTED THE TITLE OF AUGUSTUS OR “ EXALTED ONE”. - ROME WAS NOW AN EMPIRE CONTROLLED BY ONE MAN.

37. K. A POWERFUL EMPIRE ROME WAS AT THE PEAK OF ITS POWER FROM THE BEGINNING OF AUGUSTUS’ RULE IN 27 BCE TO CE 180. PAX ROMANA- 207 YEARS OF RELATIVE PEACE AND PROSPERITY THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE “GOLDEN AGE OF ROME” -THROUGHOUT THIS TIME, ROME EMPHASIZED THE VALUES OF DISCIPLINE, STRENGTH AND LOYALTY EMPHASIZED BY THE EARLY LATINS

38. L. AFTER PAX ROMANA (1)HOSTILE TRIBES THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE DISRUPTED TRADE (2)DESPERATE TO RAISE REVENUES, THE GOVERNMENT RAISED TAXES AND INFLATION ( A DRASTIC DROP IN THE VALUE OF MONEY) ROSE (3) OVERWORKED SOIL BROUGHT ABOUT AGRICULTURAL SHORTAGES (4) ROMAN SOLDIERS BECAME LESS DISCIPLINED AND LOYAL GIVING THEIR SUPPORT TO THEIR COMMANDERS NOT TO ROME AND HIRED MERCENARIES HAD LITTLE LOYALTY TO THE EMPIRE (5) CITIZENS BECAME INDIFFERENT TO THE EMPIRE DUE TO WORSENING CONDITIONS

39. M. REFORM ATTEMPTS DIOCLETIAN

40. M. REFORM ATTEMPTS (Pg.2) HIS MOST SIGNIFICANT REFORM: - DIVIDED THE EMPIRE INTO TWO PARTS (1)THE GREEK-SPEAKING EAST ( GREECE, ASIA MINOR, SYRIA AND EGYPT) (2) THE LATIN SPEAKING WEST ( ITALY, GAUL, BRITAIN AND SPAIN).

42. N. RULE UNDER CONSTANTINE -IN 330 CE, CONSTANTINE MOVED THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM ROME TO THE CITY OF BYZANTIUM IN ASIA MINOR. -THE NEW CAPITAL WAS STRATEGICALLY LOCATED AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST FOR TRADE AND DEFENSIVE PURPOSES. -EVENTUALLY THE CITY TOOK A NEW NAME CONSTANTINOPLE OR THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE.

43. CONSTANTINE

44. DAILY QUESTION 1/5 • DEFINE THE TERMS: REPUBLIC PAX ROMANA

45. O. THE WESTERN EMPIRE CRUMBLES THE DECLINE OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE TOOK PLACE DUE TO FOUR REASONS; (1) WORSENING INTERNAL PROBLEMS (2) SEPARATION FROM THE WEALTHIER AND MORE POWERFUL EASTERN HALF (3) SHIFT IN POWER FROM ROME TO CONSTANTINOPLE

46. O. THE WESTERN EMPIRE CRUMBLES (Pg. 2) (4) OUTSIDE INVASIONS BY GERMANIC HORDES - MONGOL NOMADS KNOWN AS THE HUNS FROM CENTRAL ASIA BEGAN MOVING INTO EASTERN EUROPE AND FORCED THE GERMANIC TRIBES INTO GAUL WHICH WAS CONTROLLED BY THE ROMANS -THE ROMAN ARMY WAS UNABLE TO STOP THE GERMANIC INVASION

48. O. THE WESTERN EMPIRE CRUMBLES (Pg. 3) AS A RESULT; (1)THE WESTERN PART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BROKE APART EVENTUALLY TURNING INTO SMALL FEUDAL KINGDOMS OF THE MIDDLE AGES (2) THE EASTERN HALF OF EMPIRE SURVIVED AND BECAME KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, WITH THEIR CAPITAL BEING CONSTANTINOPLE. IT PRESERVED THE GREAT HERITAGE OF GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE FOR ANOTHER 1000 YEARS.

49. P. THE LEGACY OF ROME (1)LATIN -THE LANGUAGE OF ROMANS THAT REMAINED THE LANGUAGE OF LEARNING IN THE WEST LONG AFTER THE FALL OF ROME. -IT WAS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH INTO THE 20TH CENTURY. -LATIN HELPED SHAPE THE MODERN LANGUAGES OF FRENCH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, ENGLISH AND ITALIAN

50. P. THE LEGACY OF ROME (PG. 2) ROMAN ARCHITECTURE -INCLUDED THE ARCH, THE DOME, COLUMNS (PILLARS) AND USE OF CONCRETE, HAS INFLUENCED MODERN BUILDINGS. - MANY U.S. BUILDINGS SUCH AS THE US CAPITAL AND NUMEROUS STATE BUILDINGS INCLUDE ROMAN FEATURES -THE COLOSSEUM IN ROME IS ONE OF THE GREATEST FEATS IN ROMAN ENGINEERING AND A MODEL FOR THE AGES. -THE COLOSSEUM HAD A CAPACITY OF 45,000 TO 50,000 PEOPLE. - ROMANS BUILT AQUEDUCTS TO CARRY WATER FROM COUNTRYSIDE RESERVOIRS TO THE CITIES