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UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION. Data - Information - Intelligence - Information technology - Information system (Evolution, types based on function and hierarchy) - System development methodologies - Functional information system - DSS, EIS, KMS, GIS, IIS. DATA AND INFORMATION

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UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

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  1. UNIT – 1INTRODUCTION Data - Information - Intelligence - Information technology - Information system (Evolution, types based on function and hierarchy) - System development methodologies - Functional information system - DSS, EIS, KMS, GIS, IIS

  2. DATA AND INFORMATION • Data vs. Information • Data • A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture • Represents something in the real world • The raw materials in the production of information • Information • Data that have meaning within a context • Data in relationships

  3. IM

  4. INTELLIGENCE .. ???? The ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence EXAMPLES ??? • Washing machines • Vacuum cleaner • Air conditioners • Games

  5. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Information system / Information technology – Difference Technology • Enabling factor for systems • IS built using IT EXAMPLES ?? Google – search algorithms, robot, .. Mobile – Games, Camera

  6. INFORMATION SYSTEM • Definition • Components of an Information System • Business perspective on information system • Evolution • Types based on hierarchy and functions

  7. DEFINITION – INFORMATION SYSTEM - Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualization in an organization.

  8. COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

  9. PEOPLE RESOURCES IS Specialists, End users • HARDWARE RESOURCES Machines, data media (computer systems, peripherals) • SOFTWARE RESOURCES Programs (system s/w, application s/w) , procedures • DATA RESOURCES • NETWORK RESOURCES Communication media, network infrastructure

  10. Organizational and management solution based on information technology Information system literacy ..??? BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE ON INFORMATION SYSTEM

  11. Organizational dimension of information systems • Hierarchy of authority, responsibility • Senior management • Middle management • Operational management • Knowledge workers • Data workers • Production or service workers

  12. Separation of business functions • Sales and marketing • Human resources • Finance and accounting • Manufacturing and production • Unique business processes • Unique business culture

  13. Management dimension of information systems • Managers set organizational strategy for responding to business challenges • In addition, managers must act creatively: • Creation of new products and services Occasionally re-creating the organization

  14. Technology dimension of information systems • Computer hardware and software • Data management technology • Networking and telecommunications technology • Networks, the Internet, intranets and extranets, • IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is built on

  15. EVOLUTION OF IS

  16. TYPES BASED ON FUNCTIONS AND HIERARCHY

  17. TYPES BASED ON HIERARCHY Level-I Executive Information Systems Decision Support Systems Management Information Systems Level- II Level- III Transaction Processing Systems

  18. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) • Computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business • Foundation for other systems • TYPE: Operational-level • INPUTS: transactions, events • PROCESSING: updating • OUTPUTS: detailed reports • USERS: operations personnel, supervisors • DECISION-MAKING: highly structured EXAMPLE:payroll system, purchasing airline ticket

  19. TYPS OF TPS : Online, Batch • BATCH– Information on individual transaction gathered but not processed Input (batched) Data entryof accumulatedtransactions Output

  20. Terminal Terminal Terminal Output Immediateprocessingof eachtransaction Terminal Terminal Terminal ONLINE – Transaction processed immediately

  21. A Transaction Processing Cycle Original data Datacollection Dataedit Datamanipulation Datacorrection Datastorage Documentproduction

  22. TYPES BASED ON HIERARCHY Level-I Executive Support Systems Decision Support Systems Management Information Systems Level- II Level- III Transaction Processing Systems

  23. Management Information Systems Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary reports. • TYPE: Management-level • INPUTS: high volume data • PROCESSING: simple models • OUTPUTS: summary reports • USERS: middle managers • DECISION-MAKING: structured to semi-structured EXAMPLE: annual budgeting

  24. SAMPLE REPORT

  25. Decision Support Systems Information system at the management level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making. • TYPE: Management-level • INPUTS: low volume data • PROCESSING: simulations, analysis • OUTPUTS: decision analysis • USERS: professionals, staff managers • DECISION-MAKING: semi-structured

  26. TYPES BASED ON HIERARCHY Level-I Executive Support Systems Decision Support Systems Management Information Systems Level- II Level- III Transaction Processing Systems

  27. Executive Information Systems • Information system at the strategic level of an organization that address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications. • TYPE: Strategic level • INPUTS: aggregate data; internal and external • PROCESSING: interactive • OUTPUTS: projections • USERS: senior managers • DECISION-MAKING: highly unstructured

  28. Intelligent Agents in P&G’s Supply Chain Network Intelligent agents are helping Procter & Gamble shorten the replenishment cycles for products.

  29. TPS, MIS, DSS, and AI/ES - Hierarchy Information AI/ES Less More Less More DSS Sophistication& complexity ofprocessing & analysis Decisionsupport Input & output Routine MIS TPS Data More Less More Less

  30. Relationship between different IS ESS MIS DSS KWS/ OAS TPS TPS is a major producer of information for other systems

  31. TYPES BASED ON FUNCTIONS AND HIERARCHY

  32. Functional Areas of Management • Marketing • Finance • Production and Operations • Human Resource

  33. Examples of Business Processes

  34. Sales & Marketing Systems • Systems that help the firm identify customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet customer’s needs, promote products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support.

  35. Manufacturing and Production Systems • Systems that deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services and with controlling the flow of production.

  36. Finance and Accounting Systems • Systems that keep track of the firm’s financial assets and fund flows.

  37. Human Resources Systems • Systems that maintain employee records; Track employee skills, job performance, and training; And support planning for employee compensation and career development.

  38. Traditional View of Systems

  39. The Order Fulfillment Process

  40. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES • SDLC • The waterfall model • Incremental process model • Evolutionary process model • Prototyping • Spiral model

  41. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) - Approach to develop information system solutions - Iterative process • Investigation • Analysis • Design • Implementation • Maintenance - All activities are highly related and interdependent

  42. WATERFALL MODEL - Also called as classic life cycle - Requirements for a problem are well understood - work flows from communication through deployment in a linear fashion - Requirements are well defined and reasonably stable FRAMEWORK ACTIVITIES • COMMUNICATION • PLANNING • MODELING • CONSTRUCTION • DEPLOYMENT

  43. COMMUNICATION - Project initiation, requirement gathering PLANNING Estimating, scheduling, tracking MODELING Analysis, Design CONSTRUCTION Code, Test DEPLOYMENT Delivery, support, feedback

  44. DRAWBACKS: • Real projects rarely follow sequential flow that the model proposes • Often difficult for the customer to state all requirements explicitly • A working version of the program will not be available until late in the project time span • Linear nature leads to “blocking state”

  45. INCREMENTAL PROCESS MODEL • Incremental model delivers a series of releases, called increments, that provide progressively more functionality for the customer as each increment is delivered • The first increment is called as core product • Model focuses on the delivery of an operational product with each increment

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