1 / 33

Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Photosynthesis. Capture and use of solar energy to make food. Organelles convert light energy into chemical energy. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + NRG C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. (glucose). How do animals get energy.

jbecky
Download Presentation

Biochemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biochemistry

  2. Photosynthesis • Capture and use of solar energy to make food. • Organelles convert light energy into chemical energy. 6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose)

  3. How do animals get energy • By eating plants, animals are able to release the stored energy in a plant. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + NRG (glucose)

  4. Carbohydrates • Monomers and polymers of aldehydes and ketones • Have numerous hydroxyl (OH) groups attached • Many carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n

  5. Cont. • Monosaccharides • Simplest carbohydrate molecules (simple sugars) Glucose Fructose

  6. Cont. • Disaccharides • Cyclic forms of simple sugars linked by the loss of water. • Example: Sucrose

  7. Cont. • Polysaccharides • Many monosaccharide molecules linked • Starches: water soluble digested by most animals • Cellulose: insoluble in water, digested by only a few microorganisms

  8. Cellulose Starch

  9. Amino Acids and their polymers • Any compound that contains amino (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH)

  10. Cont. • 20 amino acids • 9 “essential” amino acids must be included in diet. • 11 “nonessential” amino acids can be synthesized by the body.

  11. Cont. • Peptides – any amino acid united w/ the carboxyilic acid group of another • There always remains a free amino group and a free carboxylic acid group.

  12. Cont. • Any peptide w/ more than 10 a.a. is called a polypeptide • Any peptide w/ more than 100 a.a. is called a protein • A protein 100 a.a. long containing 20 different a.a. can be arranged 20100 times! • Chains coil in 3 dimensions

  13. Cont. • Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts • Enzymes act on substrates • Substrates bond w/ side chains of a.a. on the enzyme (active site) • Enzymes have specific shapes, only allowing certain substrates to fit – Enzyme-Substrate complex (lock and key)

  14. Lipids • Triglycerides – triesters of glycerol w/ fatty acids + + H H

  15. Cont. • Important long-term storage molecules • Fats vs. Oils • Fats are solid at room temp. • Oils are liquid at room temp. • Both are esters

  16. Cont. • Fats and oils are hydrolysis easily in the presence of acids and bases. • Hydrolysis w/ an alkali-metal hydroxide (NaOH, etc) is called saponification (process used to make soap.) • Glycerol is a by-product.

  17. Cont. • Phospholipids – lipids that contain phosphate groups • Molecules are two sided, one hydrophilic, the other hydrophobic • These molecules together form the lipid bilayer of the cell wall

  18. Hydrophilic Region Hydrophobic Region Hydrophilic Region

  19. Cont. • Waxes – Esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. • Low-melting stable solids • Protects from water loss and attacks from microorganisms

  20. Nucleic Acids • Polymers found primarily in cell nuclei. • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – Stores information needed to make proteins and governs the reproduction and growth of cells • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – Key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA • Made up of monomers called nucleotides • Phosphate + 5-Carbon Sugar + Nitrogen base

  21. Cont. • The sugar unit in DNA is deoxyribose • RNA contains ribose (one more oxygen) • The nitrogen bases can be any one of four compounds • Adenine, guanine, thymine (uracil in RNA), and cytosine • DNA molecules consist of 2 polynucleotide chains wrapped into a spiral shape (helix)

  22. Cont. • Double-ringed bases must matched w/ a single-ringed base on the opposing strand. • Hydrogen bonding is maximized in this configuration, making it the most stable arrangement.

  23. Cont. • DNA stores the instructions for building proteins (genes) • Instructions are stored in “triplets” (three-letter base sequences) • Each triplet is a code word for one of the 20 amino acids • Example: ACC = Tryptophan

  24. Cont. • An amino acid can specified by more than one triplet code word, but a code word can never specify more than one amino acid • Example : AAA and AAG both code for phenylalanine, but AAA could never code any other amino acid

  25. Cont. • Some code words terminate translations (ATT, ATC, and ACT) • Amino acids are added to the protein until the “end” code word is reached • Gene mutations occur by substitutions, additions, or deletions of nucleotides • May result in faulty protein or no protein. • The majority of gene mutations end with the protein being destroyed

  26. Cont. • Only 5% of human DNA is used to code for proteins • 95% separates and interrupts gene coding sequences. • DNA fragments are similar (have many of the same characteristics) but are not the same in family members

  27. Cont. • Recombinant DNA – way of manipulating genes. • Genes are cut and spliced into new chains • Insulin • Bioluminescence • Limb regeneration • Cloning

  28. Foreign gene Foreign gene cut by enzyme DNA strand sealed w/ enzyme to form recombinant DNA

More Related